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Body Logistics > Epithelial Cells > Flashcards

Epithelial Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelia definition

A

Sheets of contiguous cells of various embryonic origin, that cover the external surface of the body and line internal surfaces

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2
Q

What are epithelial tissue derived from?
Give detail

A

The germ layer

Ectoderm - epidermis (outer layer of skin)
Endoderm - GI tract
Mesoderm - inner body cavities

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3
Q

What is the basement membrane made of?
Function? (3)

A

Basal lamina and reticular layer
Filter, cell attachment, physical support

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4
Q

What do goblet cells have on them?

What do they release?

A

Microvilli - NOT cilia

Mucins - through exocytosis

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5
Q

What causes more water to be in the mucin released by goblet cells?

A

Increased release of ions

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6
Q

How do you identify keratin in an image?

A

No nucleus

Lateral surface

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7
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Outermost layer of the epidermis

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8
Q

How do goblet cells release mucin?

A

Exocytosis

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9
Q

What gene is mutated for a patient with cystic fibrosis? What does this cause?

A

CFTR

Cl- not released, sticky immovable mucus

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10
Q

What is the membrane that some organs are surrounded by?

A

Serous membrane

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11
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane closest to organs?

A

Visceral

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12
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane that lines the outer edge?

A

Parietal

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13
Q

Why are the lungs shiny?

A

They are covered by moist pleura (thin layer of tissue)

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14
Q

What do the mucous and serous membranes line?

A

M - internal tubes which open to the exterior

S - closed body cavities !which do not open to the exterior!

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15
Q

Give examples of what mucous and serous membranes line

A

M - GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract

S - peritoneum (abdominal organs), pleural sacs (lungs), pericardial sacs (heart)

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16
Q

What is a similarity mucous and serous membranes

A

Both carry blood and lymphatic vessels + nerves

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17
Q

Role of keratin

A

Prevents water loss
Protects against abrasion

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18
Q

Role of cilia

A

Control micro movements of luminal contents

19
Q

Role of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus
Moisten
Lubricate

20
Q

Role of microvilli

A

Increase surface area for absorption and secretion

21
Q

Role of club cells

A

Protect bronchioles
Act as stem cells for respiratory epithelium

22
Q

Role of micro fold cells

A

Allow rapid sampling of gut micro flora

23
Q

Role of stereocilia

A

Convert pressure waves into electrical signals - in the auditory system

24
Q

Where are club cells found?

A

Airway side of the terminal bronchioles

25
Q

How do club cells protect the bronchioles?

A

Secrete a variety of products - like uteroglobin

Detoxify harmful substances inhaled - using cytochrome P450 enzymes

26
Q

Where are microfold cells found?

A

Small intestines, close to lymphatic nodules

27
Q

Describe how microfold cells function

A
  1. Trap pathogens and molecules
  2. Present to dendritic cells
  3. Present to lymphocytes and macrophages - immune response or digestion occur
28
Q

Key downside of microfold cells

A

Pathogens use them as a point of entry

29
Q

What specific type of organelles are stereocilia, for hair cells?

A

Mechanosensing

30
Q

How do stereocilia assist hearing and balance?

A

They respond to fluid motion

31
Q

How are stereocilia linked to sperm?

A

Facilitate absorption of the residual sperm body after spermiation has completed

32
Q

What do stereocilia contain that assists them with movement?

A

Actin and myosin

33
Q

Which cells do not renew for smokers?

A

Club cells

34
Q

What are the three early stages of smoking damage?

A
  1. Thickened mucus layer
  2. Cilia die
  3. Ciliagenesis
35
Q

What are the four steps to chronic damage when smoking?

A
  1. Goblet and basal cells proliferate
  2. Club cells die
  3. Carcinogens induce mutations
  4. Pneumocytes in the alveoli die
36
Q

Name four common conditions related to smoking

A

Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
COPD

37
Q

What is COPD?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

38
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Reduced lung function due to inflammation, excess mucus and swelling

39
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Start of or irreparable damage to the bronchioles and alveoli

40
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Permanent widening of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole without fibrosis - loss of elastic recoil

41
Q

What is asthma?

A

Caused by bronchospasm, obstruction form mucus and narrowing of airways

Leads to variable expiratory airflow - amongst other symptoms!

42
Q

When are epithelial cells polarised?

A

When at surfaces

43
Q

What are epithelial cells held together by?

A

Anchoring proteins

44
Q

What is a contractile epithelial cell?

A

Myoepithelial

Body Logistics (9 decks)

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