Tissues And Organs

Question 1

What holds cells together? (4)

Answer 1

• Cell to cell adhesion molecules
• Extracellular matrix proteins
• internal external scaffolding
• pressure caused by close proximity

Question 2

What do epithelial cells line?

Answer 2

All cavities and free surface

Question 3

Organ definition

Answer 3

More than 1 tissue coming together

Question 4

What do epithelia rest on?

Answer 4

Supporting bed of connective tissue
Which attaches the epithelial layer to other tissue

Question 5

What are the lateral surface adherence systems in epithelia? (3)

Answer 5

Tight junctions
Desmosome
Gap junctions

Question 6

What are the basal surface adherence systems in epithelia? (5)

Answer 6

Hemi desmosome
Focal adhesions
Integrins

Question 7

Role of tight junctions
Where are they found? (2)

Answer 7

Prevent movement of large molecules through lumen into deep tissue layers

Intestines
Blood brain barrier

Question 8

What is paracellular transport?

Answer 8

When solvent move across an epithelial cell layer through the tight junctions between cells

Question 9

Role of adhesion junctions
What are they made of?
How are they found?

Answer 9

Tissue stability and transport barrier - adhesion belt
Intracellular actin filaments
In pairs

Question 10

What is the strongest method of adhesion?

Answer 10

Desmosome

Question 11

What is the function of desmosome?
Where are they found?

Answer 11

Mechanical strength and prevent tissue destrucitons

Tissue that experiences mechanical stress - like the skin

Question 12

Function of gap junctions
Where are they found?

Answer 12

Communicate changes in intercellular molecular composition - allows free movement of small molecules, allows waves of electrical impulses

Cardiac and smooth muscle cells

Question 13

What attaches a hemidesomsome to the basal lamina?
Role?

Answer 13

Intergrin

Anchors epithelial cells to basal lamina and prevents loss to external surface

Question 14

What is the basal lamina attached to?

Answer 14

Connective tissue

Question 15

Function of basal surface focal adhesion?
What links cells to the basement membrane?

Answer 15

Anchor actin filaments to the basement membrane

Integrins

Question 16

Name the three types of muscle cells

Answer 16

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Question 17

What is the role of integrins?
Give an example of one

Answer 17

Hold tissue together, work as an alpha beta dimer

Skin

Question 18

What are the two layers of the basement membrane?

Answer 18

Basal Lamina - clear and dense

Reticular - denser

Question 19

What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 19

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Question 20

Define the mucosal membrane

Answer 20

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities

Question 21

Functions of the mucosal membrane

Answer 21

Lubricates
Keeps tissue moist
Stops pathogens and dirt entering the body

Question 22

Two points about the mucosal membrane

Answer 22

Lines hollow internal organs
Continuous with the skin

Question 23

What are the five layers of the GI tract?

Answer 23

Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

Question 24

Describe the mucosa

Answer 24

Epithelial cell lining
Supports the mesenchymal layer

Question 25

Describe the musularis

Answer 25

Thin discontinuous smooth muscle layer

Question 26

Describe the submucosa

Answer 26

Connective tissue layer Contains arteries and veins

Question 27

Which layer in the GI tract contains arteries and veins?

Answer 27

Submucosa

Question 28

Describe the muscularis externa

Answer 28

Smooth muscle layer that has muscle fibres in two different directions - inner circular and outer longitudinal

Question 29

Which layer in the GI tract supports the mesenchymal layer?

Answer 29

Mucosa

Question 30

Describe the serosa

Answer 30

Connective tissue layer Has collagen, small arteries and veins

Question 31

Explain three oesophageal structure function relationships

Answer 31

Epithelium - stratified squamous to withstand abrasion Submucosa - contain mucus secreting glands Muscularis externa - smooth muscle layer to return to original dimension (peristalsis)

Question 32

Three functions of the mucosa in the GI tract

Answer 32

Absorb substances from lumen Prevents ingress of pathogens Move contents and expels waste

Question 33

What helps the mucosa to move contents and expels waste

Answer 33

Muscularis externa performs peristalsis

Question 34

What helps the mucosa absorb substances from lumen

Answer 34

Epithelial cell specialisations Muscularis mucosae folds mucosa to increase surface area

Question 35

What helps the mucosa prevent ingress of pathogens

Answer 35

Epithelial cell specialisations Lamina propria contains lymphatic tissue to aid process Muscularis mucosae folds mucosa to increase surface area

Question 36

What are the two sections of the respiratory tract?

Answer 36

Conducting - nasal cavity to bronchioles Respiratory - respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Question 37

How is the structure of the trachea and bronchi different?

Answer 37

Bronchi have a cartilage ring

Question 38

Name two key feature of the structure of bronchi that relates to the function

Answer 38

Mucosa - covered in cilia Submucosa + epithelium - secrete mucus, serum proteins to lubrixate, lysozyme to destroy bacteria

Question 39

What does the bronchi not have?

Answer 39

Outer layer of smooth muscle

Question 40

Three key properties of the alveolus connected to the function

Answer 40

Folds - allow for expansion Collagen at the junctions provide to the mucosa - allow to recoil