EQ2 and EQ3

Question 1

What is the rock type like on a a concordant coastline?

Answer 1

Has hard rock and soft rock, the rock is parallel to the coastline so the coastline keeps a straight shape

Question 2

What features are found on a concordant coastline?

Answer 2

Not many features are found on a concordant coastline, but you can find cliffs or beaches, depending on the rock types and positioning.

Question 3

What is the rock type like on a discordant coast?

Answer 3

Like a concordant coastline it contains hard and soft rock, but this time the rocks are parallel to the sea, so the sea has contact with both hard and soft rock.

Question 4

What features are found on a discordant coast?

Answer 4

There are more features found on a discordant coast than a concordant coast, some of them are: headlands and bays, caves, archers, stacks, etc.

Question 5

What is an example of both?

Answer 5

You can get beaches and cliffs on both coastlines, on a discordant coast beaches would be found in bays while cliffs would be found at headlands

Question 6

What are joints and faults? How do they effect erosion?

Answer 6

Joints are cracks found in rocks, while faults are larger rocks that move the shape of the rock, both of them have a strong effect on the stability and strength of a rock.

Question 7

What is the difference between hard/soft rock? Give examples

Answer 7

Soft rocks are weaker rock types that get eroded faster, bays and beaches are formed where there are soft rocks, examples include: clay, shale, sandstone

Hard rocks are stronger rock types that experience little erosion compared to soft rocks, headlands and cliffs are found where there is hard rock. Examples include: granite, volcanic rocks,

Question 8

Describe the characteristics of headlands and bays.

Answer 8

Bays are formed where there is soft rock that has been eroded faster, they are only formed in a discordant coastline, you can also find beaches in bays.

Headlands are formed where there is hard rock that has been eroded more slowly, like bays, they are only formed in a discordant coastline, you find cliffs at headlands.

Question 9

Explain the stages in the formation of headlands and bays

Answer 9

First you have a straight, discordant coastline that has not yet begun the process of erosion, when erosion begins, the soft rock aligned to the coast is eroded faster and begins to go inward forming a bay, while the hard rock experiences little erosion and is not pushed in much, forming a headland, constructive waves deposit sediment into the bay forming a beach, and then you have a wave-shaped discordant coastline with headlands and bays

Question 10

What are the characteristics of wave cut platforms?

Answer 10

A wave cut platform is a long strip of rock effected by erosion, behind the wave cut platform you find a pushed back cliff that collapsed due to instability from erosion.

Question 11

Explain the stages in the formation of a wave cut platform.

Answer 11

Waves cause erosion at the foot of a cliff, the constant erosion forms a wave cut notch at the bottom off the cliff, the rock above the notch becomes unstable due to this and eventually collapses, the collapses material is washed away and a new wave cut notch starts to form, repeated collapsing results in the cliff retreating backwards, a wave cut platform is formed out of what is left behind from the cliff retreating.

Question 12

What are the characteristics of arches, stacks and stumps?

Answer 12

Arches are a large hole in a cliff that goes out to the other side, but the cliff is left joined together by the part above the arch.

Stacks are what remains of the cliff on the other side after the part above the arch collapses due to weathering, stacks are tall and come out of the sea, and they are not visible attached to the mainland.

Stumps are what remains of a stack after it is eroded and collapses, stumps are simply small lumps coming out of the sea marking where a stack used to be.

Question 13

Explain how stumps are formed

Answer 13

A headland made of resistant rocks is weakened by cracks, waves crash into the headlands, making the cracks larger and larger, which makes the headland weaker and weaker, repetition of this eventually causes the formation of a cave, continuous erosion deepens the cave, forming an arch, erosion and weathering constantly weakens the rock keeping the arch together, and from it a stump is formed.

Question 14

What three factors affect wave energy?

Answer 14

Length of time wind has blown over a certain area (known as fetch), wind speed or strength relative to wave speed, and the depth of the water.

Question 15

Where in the UK do you get the biggest waves, and why?

Answer 15

You get the largest waves in the south west coast and western Ireland, this is due to the huge fetch of wind over the Atlantic ocean.

Question 16

Compare constructive and destructive waves in terms of:
A. Wavelength
B. Frequency
C. Swash and backwash
D. Erosional or depositional

Answer 16

A. Constructive waves have a higher wavelength, in other words, they are more spaced out
B. Constructive waves are more frequent than destructive waves.
C. Constructive waves have strong swash and weak backwash, while destructive waves have weak swash and strong backwash.
D. Constructive waves are depositional, while destructive waves are erosional.

Question 17

Explain how rotational slumping mass movement breaks down cliffs.

Answer 17

Mass movement is the shifting of rocks and loose material down a cliff, it happens when the force of gravity is stronger than the force supporting the material, rotational slumping causes coasts to retreat rapidly.

Question 18

Explain how rockfall mass movement breaks down a cliff.

Answer 18

Rockfalls have the same effect on a cliff as rotational slumping, they cause the cliff to retreat rapidly in a periodic style.

Question 19

Compare biological, freeze-thaw and chemical weathering,

Answer 19

Biological weathering is weakening of rocks due to pressure from growing plant roots, it is caused by plants animals and microbes.

Freeze-thaw weathering is the freezing of water in cracks, the ice expands and grows the cracks in the water causing instability.

Chemical weathering is when acidic substances get picked up by water and begin to dissolve the rock surrounding them, limestone is highly affected by this type of weathering.

Question 20

Define abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution.

Answer 20

Abrasion is the mechanical scraping of rock by friction and moving particles

Hydraulic action is the erosion that occurs when the motion of water against a rock surface causes mechanical weathering

Attrition is the collision of particles in the water causing them to get more rounded and smaller in size.

Solution is the dissolving of minerals in water causing them to get carried in a solution

Question 21

What is the difference between traction, saltation, suspension and solution?

Answer 21

Traction: is placed on the sea bed, they are large pebbles that are rolled along
Saltation: gravels that hops along the sea bed
Suspension: when small pebbles are carried within water
Solution: when small rocks are dissolved within the water

Question 22

Explain the stages in how longshore drift works

Answer 22

The prevailing wind blows towards the land, the water waves onto the land and is backwashed back into the sea, then the water moves up the beach and the process repeats

Question 23

Explain the stages in how a spit is formed

Answer 23

Spits are formed when sediment being carried by long shore drift reaches the end of the land and and starts to block an area which becomes a marsh land

Question 24

Describe the characteristics of a spit

Answer 24

Spits are sediment that has been deposited which then overgrows and turns into a marsh land

Question 25

Explain how beaches are formed

Answer 25

Beaches are formed when eroded sediment is repeatedly deposited onto a beach, and it eventually builds up into a beach

Question 26

Explain the stages in the formation of a bar

Answer 26

Longshore drift deposits sediment in between two parts of land forming a bridge like structure, which blocks of a newly formed lagoon behind it

Question 27

How does coastal management affect coastlines down drift

Answer 27

Building up coastal defences does not completely get rid of the water, it simply diverges the water to another local coast speeding up the erosion there.

Question 28

How does agriculture affect the coastline

Answer 28

Deposited material from coastal farms is eroded and swept along to another coast and deposited adding further sediment to it.

Question 29

How does development of towns affect the coastline

Answer 29

By building harbours by the sea, it adds weight to the cliff it lies on which has a negative affect on the stability of the cliff

Question 30

How does industry affect the coastline?

Answer 30

Easington gas works, for example, adds weight to the cliff it lies upon which cause rotational slumping to the cliff. Water, air, and land are also polluted by the gas works which has a negative effect on the local wildlife.

Question 31

How does coastal management affect the coastline?

Answer 31

The construction of hard coastal managements like groynes and sea walls prevents the erosion at the coastline by diverging the energy back into the sea, which speeds up erosion at a local coastline "downwards" from the protected coastline,

Question 32

Explain an indirect impact of human use of the coast

Answer 32

An indirect effect of humans using coastlines is: the speeding up of erosion at the coastline or other coastlines due to the construction of different structures.

Question 33

Why is the sea level rising and the coast flooding?

Answer 33

The sea level is rising due to the melting of the arctic and antarctic icecaps adding more water to the ocean which happens due to the heat of global warming when energy from the sun is trapped by greenhouse gases in our atmosphere

Question 34

How bad will the sea level get by 2100 and how will it affect different places around the world?

Answer 34

The sea level will rise a couple meters higher and this will have extreme effect on poor, lowland nations such as Bangladesh. It will means houses are flooded and people would have to move away completely.

Question 35

Why will storms get worse with climate change?

Answer 35

The rising of the sea level gives water more energy which gives storms higher potential power, which is why different types of storms will get more severe throughout the future.

Question 36

How will storms and sea rise affect erosion?

Answer 36

Storms and sea rise will increase the speed and severity of erosion, it means rocks will erode faster due to the more energy that the ocean has, and they will experience more heavy weathering due to the increase in storms.

Question 37

How will storms and sea level rise affect people and the environment?

Answer 37

Storms and sea level rise will cause mass flooding which will cause houses to be destroyed and areas to become uninhabitable which means that people effected would have to find new homes.

Question 38

Explain how groynes and sea walls work

Answer 38

Groynes and sea walls are both designed to repel waves back to the ocean to prevent mass erosion. Sea walls deflect wave energy back into the sea while groynes trap water and sediment washed in by longshore drift.

Question 39

Explain how beach replenishment and slope stabilisation work

Answer 39

Both of these methods are soft coastal management methods designed to protect beaches by building them up with sediment instead of building structures designed to deflect or trap water. Slope stabilisation involved the placing of objects designed to keep a slope from collapsing, while beach replenishment is when sediment is built up at a beach making it larger so erosion is less of a threat.

Question 40

What are the 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of each management type?

Answer 40

A disadvantage of the hard management types like groynes and sea walls is that they are usually expensive to build, and another disadvantage is that they speed up erosion at another coastline. An advantage of hard management types is that they are effective at keeping beaches stable by building protections, and another advantage is that they stable and usually work well. A disadvantage of soft management types like beach replenishment and slope stabilisation is that they can be expensive, another disadvantage is that they need to be replenished again. An advantage of soft management methods is that they are more visually pleasing, and another advantage is that they don't have a negative effect on another part of the coastline.

Question 41

What is the difference between hard and soft engineering? Which is the best?

Answer 41

Hard engineering is when physical structures are built to protect coastlines, while soft engineering is when beaches are replenished or stabilised without building physical structures. In my opinion soft engineering is better because it is more visually pleasing and it does not have a negative effect on another part of the coastline.

Question 42

What is strategic alignment? Which areas might be left to erode?

Answer 42

Strategic alignment is the decision to protect some parts of a coastline while letting others erode, for example, a council might chose to protect one part of the coastline because it contains a village or something else with residential, agricultural, or industrial importance. While another part of the coastline will not be protected because it Lacks anything of importance.

Question 43

Explain why ITCM schemes are a sustainable form of coastal management?

Answer 43

It means that some areas are chosen to be protected while some aren't because they lack importance, it is a sustainable form of coastal management because it accounts for all negatives and positives effects.

Question 44

Explain how a named coastline (Holderness) eroded due to physical factors

Answer 44

The coastline is made up of soft rock which is weak and receives a lot of erosion, the coastline is very low which makes it easier for erosion to happen on the lowland, the coastline receives a lot of weathering due to high amounts of rain which also speeds up erosion.

Question 45

Explain how humans make erosion worse at the coastline

Answer 45

Humans make erosion worse by building structures like easington gas works which adds weight to the cliffs below them which cause them to collapse and be washed away by the water