Geography Revision Autumn

Question 1

Polar cell

Answer 1

Cold and wet, occurs in areas closer to the poles

Question 2

Ferrel cell

Answer 2

Hot and dry, occurs to the north or south of the hadley cell based on whether it is to the north or south of equator

Question 3

Hadley cell

Answer 3

Hot and wet, occurs at the equator

Question 4

Solar radiation distribution

Answer 4

Thicker atmosphere in the poles so less radiation gets in, there is also a wider surface area meaning it is more spread out, areas near the equator have more concentrated solar radiation making them hotter

Question 5

Thermal equator

Answer 5

Warm, moist air rises (low pressure)

Question 6

Area in between hadley and ferrel cells

Answer 6

Cool, dry air descends (high pressure)

Question 7

Coriolis effect

Answer 7

Wind forms when air passes from a high pressure to a low pressure zone, rotated air flows in a curved line, this is the pattern of global winds

Question 8

Jet streams

Answer 8

Consists of ribbons of very strong winds caused by the temperature change, found at the boundaries of circulation cells and they can affect the movement of other weather systems

Question 9

Oceanic circulation

Answer 9

Heat is also transferred by ocean currents, a location’s proximity to the ocean can have a large impact on the climate because water can hold heat for a long time

Question 10

Tindouf (Algeria)

Answer 10

Far less rainfall throughout year, inside the ferrel cell, has inconsistent temperatures

Question 11

Singapore

Answer 11

Inside the hadley cell, has far more rainfall and consistent temperatures throughout the year

Question 12

Climate change

Answer 12

Is the change in the average worldwide climate, global temperatures have shifted between warmer and colder climates that last for around 100,000 years, the last glacial period ended 15,000 years ago

Question 13

Eccentricity

Answer 13

The earth’s orbit varies over time, at some points it is closer to the sun and at some points it is further

Question 14

Tilt

Answer 14

The earth’s axis tilts back and forth for 41000 years

Question 15

Precession (wobble)

Answer 15

26000 years for the axis to wobble, straighten up and wobble again

Question 16

Asteroid impact

Answer 16

Can clog up the atmosphere with ash which blocks out the sun’s rays causing a decline in temperature

Question 17

Evidence of climate change

Answer 17

Widening of tree rings can show variations in temperature (widening means climate getting warmer)

Question 18

Ice

Answer 18

CO2 can be found in ice which is a greenhouse gas which shows that climate change is taking place

Question 19

Historical sources

Answer 19

There are various pieces of evidence that show the world’s climate used to be colder, such as the thames freezing over in the victorian times

Question 20

The greenhouse effecf

Answer 20

It is completely natural, it stops the earth from being a frozen wasteland, nitrogen is the most abundant greenhouse gas

Question 21

Enhanced greenhouse effect

Answer 21

The human contribution to speeding up the greenhouse effect

Question 22

Hurricanes

Answer 22

A type of tropical cyclone that occurs in the Caribbean and to the west of mexico

Question 23

cyclones

Answer 23

Occurs in the Indian ocean

Question 24

Typhoons

Answer 24

Occur in the pacific ocean near Japan and Australia

Question 25

Formation of tropical cyclones

Answer 25

Thunderstorms Drift over warm waters, warm air rises and winds cause the storm to spin, more air rises and is picked up by the storm to fill a low pressure zone

Question 26

Tropical cyclones structure

Answer 26

Winds rotate outwards at the top, warm moist air rises and pulls towards the centre, develop in late summer in the northern hemisphere, cloud tops can reach 12-15KM high, dense canopy of cirrus clouds form at the top, winds increase in strength in strength at the eye wall, cumulonimbus clouds form, they develop mid january to march in the southern hemisphere, tropical cyclones occur when the sea temperature exceeds 26.5C

Question 27

Primary hazards from tropical cyclones

Answer 27

Strong winds, storm surges, floods, landslides

Question 28

Secondary hazards from tropical cyclones

Answer 28

Homes damaged, loss of life, habitats destroyed, injuries

Question 29

Saffir-simpson scale

Answer 29

Measures hurricane strength, wind speed measured in km/h, increases in strength when you go to a higher category (from 1 to 5)

Question 30

Hurricane katrina

Answer 30

Category 3 at landfall in a developed country, preparation and response were more effective, occurred in august

Question 31

Typhoon Nargis

Answer 31

Category 4 at landfall, happened in Myanmar, preparation and response was less effective as it was in a poor country

Question 32

Earth's structure

Answer 32

Tectonic plates float on the mantle, radioactive decay of some elements in the mantle and core (such as uranium) generates a lot of heat, circular movements of semi molten rock are called convection currents, and the drag from these currents causes tectonic plate movement

Question 33

Oceanic lithosphere (crust)

Answer 33

Is thin but dense, made up of basalt and is in a solid state

Question 34

Continental lithosphere (crust)

Answer 34

Thicker than the oceanic equivalent but less dense, made up of mostly granite, solid state, is under the ground

Question 35

Asthenosphere (outer mantle)

Answer 35

Is the top layer of the mantle, it is not dense, semi-molten state made up of silicon-based rocks, 1000C heat

Question 36

Lower mantle

Answer 36

Largest layer, is in between the asthenosphere and outer mantle, not dense, has a molten state but becomes rigid nearer the core, 3700C temperature, made up of silicon-based rocks

Question 37

Outer core

Answer 37

Liquid zone surrounding the solid inner core, less dense, liquid state, made up of iron and nickel, 4400C temperature

Question 38

Plumes

Answer 38

They bring magma to the surface which cab melt through the crust and cause volcanic eruptions