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ASC382 Exam 3 > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term equine refer to?

A

horses, donkeys, and zebras

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2
Q

What are the hybrids of equine breeds?

A

sterile and cannot reproduce

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3
Q

Mule

A

male donkey x female horse
Male = John
Female = Molly

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4
Q

Hinny

A

male horse x female donkey
Male = John
Female = Molly

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5
Q

Zorse

A

-zebra x horse
-more parasite resistance than horses

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6
Q

Zonkey (Zedonk)

A

zebra x donkey

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7
Q

In kentucky what are horses considered?

A

livestock

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8
Q

Ponies

A

-1-15 hh tall
-usually longer than they are tall
-pull carts or show

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9
Q

Pony breeds

A

-welsh
-shetland

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10
Q

Light horses

A

-15-17.2 hh tall
-suitable to be ridden
-used for racing, showing, working livestock, trail riding
-900-1500 lbs.

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11
Q

Light horse breeds

A

-Arabian
-quarter horse
-tennessee walking horse
-thoroughbred
-morgan

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12
Q

Heavy or draft horses

A

-16-18 hh tall
-large and powerful
-wide muscular bodies
-used for heavy work, pulling
-2,000+ lbs.

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13
Q

Heavy/Draft horse breeds

A

-belgium
-clydesdale
-shire
-percheron

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14
Q

Hot-blooded

A

-more volatile in temperament
-evolved in desert climates
-heavy influence from Arab and Barb breeds

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15
Q

Hot blooded breeds

A

-Thoroughbred
-Arabian

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16
Q

Cold blooded

A

-calm temperaments
-originated in northern Europe
-heavy influence from Forest horse breed

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17
Q

Cold blooded breeds

A

-belgium
-clydesdale
-percheron

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18
Q

Warm blooded

A

-varying temperaments
-have both hot blooded and cold blooded ancestors

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19
Q

Warm blooded breeds

A

-quarter horse
-saddlebred
-hanoverian

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20
Q

Artificial gaits

A

-running walk
-pace
-rack
-still can be natural

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21
Q

Walk

A

-four-beat symmetrical gait
-four feet strike the ground independently
-no movement of suspension

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22
Q

Trot/Jog

A

-two-beat symmetrical gait
-legs move in two diagonal pairs
-suspension gives the bounce

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23
Q

Canter

A

-three-beat asymmetrical gait
-moment of suspension follows the three beats

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24
Q

Gallop

A

-four-beat asymmetrical gait
-fastest of natural gaits
-moment of suspension after the four beats

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25
Q

When do light breed mares reach sexual maturity?

A

12-18 months

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26
Q

When do draft breed mares reach sexual maturity?

A

18-24 months

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27
Q

What estrous cycle are mares?

A

seasonally polyestrous

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28
Q

When do mares start to cycle?

A

-when daylight hours become longer
-temperatures are higher
-nutrition improves

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29
Q

How often do mares come into estrus during breeding season?

A

every 21 days

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30
Q

Why are mares long-day breeders?

A

their melatonin levels decrease as daylight hours increase – increase day length triggers GnRH as well

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31
Q

How are mares bred?

A

AI or live cover (thoroughbreds)

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32
Q

Signs of estrus in mares?

A

-blinking of vulva (winking)
-squatting
-frequent urination
-lifting the tail

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33
Q

When does ovulation occur during estrus?

A

towards the end of the heat

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34
Q

How long does estrus (heat) last?

A

5-7 days

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35
Q

How often are mares bred while in heat?

A

-some breeders breed every other day while she is in heat
-some wait two days after signs of estrus appeared to breed

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36
Q

What percentage of all ovulations in mares are multiples?

A

10% (twins only carry to term about 0.5% of the time)

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37
Q

How long do mares gestate?

A

336 days

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38
Q

How long after foaling do mares come back into heat?

A

5-12 days (“foal heat”)

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39
Q

What is a vital importance to controlling diseases and parasites of horses?

A

sanitation
-clean stalls
-new horses should be isolated for a month

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40
Q

What does control of internal parasites consist of?

A

-rotating horses from one pasture to another
-spreading manure from stables on land that horses do not graze on
-treating infected animals

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41
Q

Pinworms

A

-eggs are swallowed as the horse consumes contaminated feed or water
-hatch in the intestine
-adults migrate to the colon and rectum and lay eggs

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42
Q

What symptoms do pinworms cause?

A

-irritate the anus
-horse rubs the base of its tail against objects
-secondary infections from itching is a concern

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43
Q

Bots

A

-larval stage of the botfly
-lay eggs on the hairs of the throat, front legs, and belly
-irritation causes horse to lick itself
-eggs attach to tongue and lips and hatch
-larvae burrow into the tissues
-larvae migrate and attach to the lining of the stomach and stay for 6 months
-looks similar to a honey bee
-adults lay 150-500 eggs

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44
Q

Symptoms of bots

A

can cause colic by obstruction

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45
Q

Strongyles

A

-adult firmly attaches to the wall of the large intestine
-eggs laid are passed in feces
-larvae are swallowed on blades of grass once hatched
-larvae penetrate the intestinal wall to the abdomen
-migrate back to the intestine
-can migrate to various organs and arteries and cause severe damage

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46
Q

Symptoms of strongyles

A

causes colic, damage to organs, and arteries

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47
Q

Colic

A

-most devastating digestive disorders in horses
-describes a broad range of abdominal pain

48
Q

What can cause colic?

A

-abrupt changes in diet
-feeding schedule
-exercise regime
-housing type
-ingestion of sand or other foreign objects

49
Q

What does colic pain stem from?

A

-gas distension
-decreased gut motility
-parasitic infection
-ulcers
-bowel displacement
-twisted gut

50
Q

What are symptoms of colic?

A

-pawing
-pacing
-rolling

51
Q

How can you avoid colic?

A

-feed appropriate to horse’s need
-do not make sudden or frequent changes to their diet
-keep the horse active
-avoid feeding on sandy ground
-maintain internal parasite prevention
-feed high fiber, low carb diet
-feed no more than 1/2 ration in concentrate form
-space out concentrate feedings in several small meals

52
Q

How to prevent colic?

A

-feed high fiber, low carb diet
-feed no more than 1/2 ration in concentrate form
-space out concentrate feedings in several small meals

53
Q

Laminitis

A

an inflammation of the laminar structure of the foot
-degree of severity varies
-inflammation and damage to the laminar bed results in a loss of functional integrity to the support of the foot coffin bone and sensitive tissue of the horse’s hoof

54
Q

Symptoms of laminitis

A

-severe pain
-lameness
-inability to walk
-abnormal gait
-increased digital pulse
-increased heart rate

55
Q

Which feet are more likely to be affected by laminitis?

A

front feet

56
Q

What causes laminitis?

A

-stress
-overweight horses
-overconsumption of carbohydrates
-consumption of large amounts of water by overheated horses
-overworking horses on hard surfaces

57
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis

A

-sleeping sickness
-affect the brain
-three types: Eastern, Wester, and Venezuelan

58
Q

What causes Equine encephalomyelitis?

A

viral infections

59
Q

What spreads equine encephalomyelitis?

A

-mosquitoes
-horses rubbing noses
-sharing water
-sharing feed containers

60
Q

What are symptoms of equine encephalomyelitis?

A

-high fever
-diarrhea
-loss of appetite
-central nervous system disorder
-paralysis
-circling
-hyperexcitability
-death

61
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis vaccination

A

-two injections spaced 7-10 days apart
-given in April
-given annually
-vaccinate twice annually in the southern US

62
Q

Potomac horse fever

A

-occurs between late spring/early fall
-seen in horses near creeks, rivers, or irrigated pastures
-vaccine available

63
Q

What is the vector of potomac horse fever?

A

blood-feeding insects

64
Q

What are symptoms of potomac horse fever?

A

-fever
-depression
-colic
-diarrhea
-laminitis

65
Q

Strangles

A

-distemper
-highly contagious bacterial disease that affects the upper respiratory tract and associated lymph glands
-vaccination available

66
Q

Symptoms of strangles

A

-high fever
-nasal discharge
-swollen lymph glands
-rattling sound associated with breathing

67
Q

How is strangles spread?

A

contamination of feed or water

68
Q

Henneke BCS system

A

-1-9
-assesses six areas: ribs, behind the shoulder, withers, loin, tailhead, and neck

69
Q

BCS ribs

A

-if ribs are easily seen BCS <5
-if ribs cannot be seen BCS >5
-might be hard to see ribs in the winter due to hair coat

70
Q

BCS shoulder

A

-shoulder blends smoothly with the body BCS = 5
-bulging fat behind the shoulders BCS >5
-bony shoulder structures are more visible BCS <5

71
Q

BCS withers

A

-no fat deposited between the top of the shoulder blade and the spinal vertebrae BCS <5
-fat fills between the top of the shoulder blade and spinal vertebrae BCS >5

72
Q

BCS loin

A

-loin area is relatively level, spine is not sticking up, no dent or crease along spine BCS = 5
-a ridge down the back BCS <5
-a crease on either side of the back BCS >5

73
Q

BCS tailhead

A

-prominent and easily discernible tailhead BCS <5
-fat fills in around tailhead and begin to bulge BCS >7

74
Q

BCS neck

A

-necks bony structures are visible BCS <5
-neck thick with fat evident at the crest BCS >7

75
Q

Bay

A

-mixture of red and yellow
-shades ranging from light bay to dark bay
-black mane and tail with black points

76
Q

Black

A

-no light areas including muzzle and flanks
-coat sometimes has a blue hue

77
Q

Brown

A

almost all black but with light or brown hairs at the elbow, muzzle, and flank

78
Q

Liver chestnut

A

dark red, flaxen manes and tails are lighter than the horse’s coat

79
Q

Sorrel chestnut

A

light red

80
Q

White

A

born white and stay white throughout their life span
-pink pigmentation

81
Q

Dun

A

-variety of colors
-dominant hair color is a shade of yellow
-dorsal stripe, horizontal striping on legs, dark tipped ears, dark points on face, light colored hairs in mane and tail

82
Q

Buckskin

A

-golden coat color
-black legs, ears, manes, and tails

83
Q

Gray

A

-born another color and gray over time
-dark pigmentation

84
Q

Pinto/Paint

A

-all paints are pinto, but not all pintos are paints
-Paint = pinto horses that are thoroughbreds and quarter horses

85
Q

Palomino

A

-golden color, pale yellow to rich golden shades
-almost white or flaxen colored mane and tail

86
Q

Roan

A

-white hairs intermingled with one or more basic colors
-bay roan, blue roan, red roan

87
Q

Appaloosa physical description

A

compact, short coupled mane and tail with strong correct legs

88
Q

Appaloosa country of origin

A

US

89
Q

Appaloosa type

A

light

90
Q

Arabian physical description

A

wedge shaped, dished and refined head
-small muzzle with large nostrils
-cured neck with high tail set

91
Q

Arabian country of origin

A

-unknown
-Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Southwestern Asia

92
Q

Arabian type

A

light

93
Q

Clydesdale physical description

A

large size, silky feathers on back legs, long crested neck

94
Q

Clydesdale color pattern

A

black, gray, bay, roan, pinto

95
Q

Clydesdale country of origin

A

Scotland

96
Q

Clydesdale type

A

draft

97
Q

Percheron color pattern

A

black or grey

98
Q

Percheron physical description

A

thin, long ears, slanted shoulder, short straight back

99
Q

Percheron country of origin

A

France

100
Q

Percheron type

A

draft

101
Q

Quarter horse physical description

A

short, wide head, small muzzle, compact look, and rounded muscular hindquarters

102
Q

Quarter horse country of origin

A

US

103
Q

Quarter horse type

A

light

104
Q

Shire color pattern

A

chestnut, black, grey, bay

105
Q

Shire physical description

A

long neck, wide shoulders, heavy featherings on back legs, big rounded hooves

106
Q

Shire country of origin

A

England

107
Q

Shire type

A

draft

108
Q

Standardbred physical description

A

heavy head that might have a convex profile, medium neck, muscular hindquarters

109
Q

Standardbred country of origin

A

US

110
Q

Standardbred type

A

light

111
Q

Tennessee Walking Horses physical description

A

large, plain head, clean legs, powerful hind legs

112
Q

Tennessee Walking horse country of origin

A

US

113
Q

Tennessee Walking Horse type

A

light

114
Q

Thoroughbred physical description

A

refined head, long neck, long body, long and fine legs

115
Q

Thoroughbred country of origin

A

England

116
Q

Thoroughbred type

A

light

ASC382 Exam 3 (7 decks)

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