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ASC382 Exam 3 > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

What do all ____shire breeds have?

A

erect ears

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2
Q

What are the two types of swine?

A

maternal and paternal/terminal

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3
Q

Maternal

A

-swine used for their reproductive abilities
-mothering ability
-litter size
-milk production

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4
Q

What color are maternal breeds usually?

A

white

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5
Q

Maternal breeds

A

-yorkshire
-landrace
-meishan

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6
Q

Paternal/Terminal

A

-used for their production abilities
-muscling
-leanness
-durability
-growth rate
-feed efficiency

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7
Q

What color are paternal breeds usually?

A

dark in color

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8
Q

Paternal/Terminal breeds

A

-Hampshire
-duroc
-berkshire

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9
Q

Commercial lines

A

-hybrid hogs
-allows producers to more closely select for traits (growth or number of pigs born alive)
-crossing multiple breeds together
-identified by using a number code to describe the particular line

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10
Q

What color do we want commercial lines to be?

A

white
-comes off easier and is less noticeable when missed during slaughter

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11
Q

Boar stud operation

A

-100-200 boars
-housed individually in stalls or pens
-semen is collected from boars
-sperm is then processed, extended, and shipped to clients

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12
Q

How often are boars collected from?

A

-1-2 times weekly
-depends on age and popularity
-young should be collected <1/week

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13
Q

What kind of semen is used from boars?

A

fresh extended semen
-shelf-life is 7-10 days
-can service multiple sows
-not frozen

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14
Q

Breeding and gestation sow unit

A

-housed in pens until they return to estrus
-once bred sows are either housed in pens or crates
-putting them in a group returns them to estrus
-stay after breeding (about 109 days of gestation)

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15
Q

How often are sows bred?

A

2 times in one estrus (24 hours apart)

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16
Q

How are sows bred?

A

artificial insemination

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17
Q

Farrowing sow unit

A

-use crates to prevent sows from crushing pigs
-crates improve accessibility to the sow’s udder for nursing
-some use open pen farrowing with a separate comfort zone for the baby pigs

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18
Q

When are pigs weaned?

A

about 21 days of age

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19
Q

Nursery unit

A

-houses newly weaned pigs until they reach finished
-mix of pigs from other litters
-have to teach them how to eat

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20
Q

How much do pigs weigh when weaned?

A

about 10 lbs.

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21
Q

How much do pigs weigh when they go to the finishing unit?

A

50-60 lbs.

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22
Q

How long do pigs stay at the nursery?

A

45-56 days

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23
Q

Finishing unit

A

-can receive pigs from the nursery unit or newly weaned pigs
-pigs remain here until they reach a predetermined slaughter weight

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24
Q

How much do pigs weigh when they go to slaughter?

A

260-300 lbs.

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25
How long do pigs stay at the finishing unit?
115-120 days (about 6 months old)
26
How long is the sow gestation period?
114 days
27
How many sows are normally at the sow unit?
500 sows or more
28
How many hogs are usually at the finishing units?
2,000-5,000 hogs
29
Contact growers
own barns/land but do not own the pigs
30
Characteristics of confinement production
-slatted floors -automatic ventilation -liquid manure -indoors 24 hours a day
31
Advantages of confinement production
-low labor/unit of input -protection from elements -separate manure from pigs (prevents disease spread) -improved FE and ADG
32
Disadvantages of confinement production
-huge investment -negative social opinion -temperature and ventilation control
33
Characteristics of outdoor production
-aka pasture production -need huts or sheds -need portable feeders -watering systems -electric fencing -uncommon for large production operations -best and most common for gestating sows
34
Advantages of outdoor production
-lower cost (feed, equipment, etc.) -easier manure management -less odor -better air quality -niche market opportunities
35
Disadvantages of outdoor production
-labor requirements -low rates of gain -low weaning rates -parasite control -poor FE
36
What estrous cycle are swine?
nonseasonal polyestrous
37
How longs is estrus in gilts?
40 hours
38
How long is estrus in sows?
55 hours
39
How much of a sows estrus is ovulation?
2/3 into their estrus (30-40 hours after the onset of estrus)
40
How long is it between estrus?
21 days
41
Signs of estrus
-immobilization or "standing" heat (sows stand immobile in response to back pressure) -swelling and reddening of vulva (2-3 days before estrus starts) - more prominent in gilts -mucous discharge (from increasing estrogen levels) -riding -seeking the boar
42
What is sometimes used to test if sows are in estrus?
boar bots or real boars
43
How long does farrowing last?
30 minutes to 5 hours
44
How are pigs born?
either head first or rear feet first
45
What is the average interval between pigs during farrowing?
15 minutes
46
How much do pigs weigh when they are born?
about 3 lbs.
47
What does pig processing involve?
-supplemental iron administration -clipping needle teeth -tail docking -identification -castration
48
Why is iron supplemented?
-sows milk is deficient in iron -low iron reserves in newborn pigs -usually born anemic -rapid growth rate depletes the little iron they have
49
How are iron injections given?
-IM (most common) - in the neck -orally
50
When should iron supplementation be given?
1-3 days of age
51
When should needle teeth be clipped?
within 24 hours of birth
52
Where are needle teeth located?
on sides of upper and lower jaw (4 on the bottom, 4 on the top)
53
What is used to clip needle teeth?
side-cutting pliers -cut 1/2 tooth away and cut flat
54
Why do producers clip needle teeth?
-reduces chances of mastitis (the cuts from them introduce E. Coli too) -keeps facial lacerations from occurring when baby pigs fight each other
55
Why are tails docked?
-to prevent tail biting and cannibalism which increases risk of infection
56
Where should tails be docked?
0.75-1.0 in. from the body (cutting it too short could interfere with muscle activity and lead to a rectal prolapse)
57
How long will it take for the tail to heal?
7-10 days
58
What is used to dock tails?
-emasculator -heated cutter or side cutter
59
Why do we castrate pigs?
pork from uncastrated male pigs at slaughter may have an odor during cooking called "boar odor" or "boar taint"
60
When is castration done?
before pigs are two weeks old
61
Boar Taint
-tastes how pigs smell -common in europe -boars usually made into pepperoni in the US -from testosterone
62
What is used to castrate?
-knife or scalpel -break the spermaticord so no bleeding
63
When does ear notching occur?
1-3 days of age
64
Ear notching
-permanent identification -universal system -Litter # --- Pig # -pigs right ear = litter -pigs left ear = pig number
65
What is used for ear notching?
V-notcher (like a hole punch)
66
What percentage of total costs of pork production is feed related?
60-70%
67
What feed efficiency can market hogs be produced with?
less than 3.0 lbs. of feed per pound of gain
68
What are rations mostly composed of?
cereal grains (corn, milo, barley, wheat) -proteins, vitamins, and minerals need to be supplemented
69
What is the best single protein source for pigs?
soybean meal
70
How are sows fed during gestation?
limit-fed
71
How are lactating sows fed?
ad lib (nutrient requirement for lactating sows is about 3x higher than gestation sows)
72
How are nursey pigs fed?
fed ab lib using phase feeding -four-phase program
73
Phase feeding
matches diets with specific nutrient compositions to the growth rate and weight of the pig
74
How are finishing pigs fed?
-ad lib using phase feeding -6 phase program -split-sex feeding after 55 lbs.
75
After 55 lbs. what are barrows fed?
they are fed more and feed with lower amino acid concentrations
76
After 55 lbs. what are gilts fed?
require higher lysine and more protein
77
When are sows bred again after weaning?
5-7 days after weaning
78
Berkshire color pattern
black body with six white points (legs, snout, tail)
79
Berkshire physical description
erect ears
80
Berkshire country of origin
England
81
Berkshire breed type
paternal/terminal
82
Berkshire is known for:
meat flavor and quality
83
Chester white color pattern
white body
84
Chester white physical description
droopy medium sized ears
85
Chester white country of origin
US (Pennsylvania)
86
Chester White breed type
maternal
87
Chester White is known for:
mothering ability, durability, soundness
88
Duroc color pattern
solid red (ranges from gold to mahogany)
89
Duroc physical description
droopy medium sized ears
90
Duroc country of origin
US
91
Duroc breed type
paternal/terminal
92
Duroc is known for:
carcass yield, fast gaining, and lean gain
93
Hampshire color pattern
black with white belt
94
Hampshire physical description
erect ears
95
Hampshire country of origin
England
96
Hampshire breed type
paternal/terminal
97
Hampshire is known for:
lean muscle, low backfat, and large loin eyes
98
Landrace color pattern
white body
99
Landrace physical description
large droopy ears, long bodied
100
Landrace country of origin
Denmark
101
Landrace breed type
maternal
102
Landrace is known for:
milk production and large litters
103
Poland China color pattern
black body with white on legs, snout, and sometimes tail
104
Poland China physical description
Medium droopy ears
105
Poland China country of origin
US (Ohio)
106
Poland China breed type
paternal/terminal
107
Poland China is known for:
large frame, leanness, and muscle
108
Spot or Spotted color pattern
large black and white spots
109
Spot physical description
medium droopy ears
110
Spot country of origin
US (Ohio) - once part of the Poland China breed
111
Spot breed type
paternal/terminal
112
Spot is known for:
feed efficiency and rate of gain
113
Yorkshire color pattern
white body
114
Yorkshire physical description
erect ears
115
Yorkshire country of origin
England
116
Yorkshire breed type
maternal
117
Yorkshire is known for:
durable sows, litter size, birth and weaning weight
118
What breed is registration ranked 1st in the US?
Yorkshire

ASC382 Exam 3 (7 decks)

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