Equine Head and Neck

Question 1

when is a nagogastric intubation passed?

Answer 1

to drain horse GI contents
they cant vomit

Question 2

where should the nasogastric tube go?

Answer 2

ventral to ventral nasal meatus
VENTRAL

Question 3

why do you put a nasogastric tube ventral?

Answer 3

if not will hit ethmoid turbinates
like to bleed

Question 4

what will bleed when you hit while passing a nagogastric tube?

Answer 4

ethmoid turbinates

Question 5

what is located at this line in the nasal cavity?

Answer 5

ethmoid turbinates

Question 6

where is the sweet spot for a jugular venipuncture?

Answer 6

middle of the neck

Question 7

what is significant about a jugular vein distal and proximal?

Answer 7

distal - jugular close to common carotid
proximal - omohyoideus muscle gets thicker

Question 8

Describe Dental anatomy - tridan system

Answer 8

Question 9

how many paranasal sinuses do horses have?

Answer 9

6

Question 10

list the paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

Question 11

what are the clinically relevant paranasal sinuses?

Answer 11

frontal and maxillary

Question 12

where do ethmoid hematomas happens?

Answer 12

frontal sinuses

Question 13

what can happen with ethmoid hematoma

Answer 13

mild, intermittent, unilateral epistaxis (bloody nose)

Question 14

what is in the right picture? left picture normal

Answer 14

ethmoid hematoma

Question 15

which side has the ethmoid hematoma?

Answer 15

right

Question 16

what divides the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 16

osseous septa

Question 17

what teeth communicate with the rostral compartment of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 17

109/209

Question 18

what teeth communicate with the caudal compartment of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 18

110/210 & 111/211

Question 19

what can tooth root infections lead to?

Answer 19

secondary sinusitis

Question 20

what would be going where the red line is?

Answer 20

nasogastric tube

Question 21

what is the guttural pouch?

Answer 21

paired extensions of eustachian tubes
connects pharynx to middle ear

Question 22

what two structures does the guttural pouch connect?

Answer 22

pharynx to middle ear

Question 23

what are the theorized functions of the guttural pouch?

Answer 23

pressure equilibration across tympanic membrane, warming of inhaled air, resonating chamber for vocalization, floatation device, brain cooling

Question 24

what structure is where the red is?

Answer 24

guttural pouch

Question 25

what runs through the guttural pouch? major anatomical marker

Answer 25

stylohyoid bone

Question 26

what does the guttural pouch communicate with the pharynx through?

Answer 26

nasopharyngeal orifice of eustachian tube

Question 27

what are the structures?

Answer 27

Question 28

what important structures are in the guttural pouch?

Answer 28

external carotid artery internal carotid artery cranial nerves 9-12

Question 29

where does the external carotid artery lie in the guttural pouch?

Answer 29

along wall of lateral compartment

Question 30

where does the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves 9-12 lie in the guttural pouch?

Answer 30

fold of mucous membrane along caudal wall of medial compartment

Question 31

how are cranial nerves affected if the guttural pouch is compromised?

Answer 31

CN 9 - dysphagia CN 10 - facial paralysis CN 11 - spinal accessory CN 12 - dysphagia

Question 32

label each arrow

Answer 32

Question 33

what is guttural pouch mycosis?

Answer 33

fungal infection in guttural pouch

Question 34

what species are found in guttural pouch mycosis?

Answer 34

aspergillus species

Question 35

Is guttural pouch mycosis usually unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 35

unilateral

Question 36

what is the diphtheritic membrane composed of in a guttural pouch mycosis?

Answer 36

necrotic tissues cellular debris bacteria & fungal mycelia

Question 37

what happens when the fungal plaque from guttural pouch mycosis erodes through the carotid artery?

Answer 37

severe, often fatal bilateral epistaxis

Question 38

label the image

Answer 38

Question 39

what is laryngeal hemiplegia?

Answer 39

paralysis of half the larynx

Question 40

what is damaged in laryngeal hemiplegia?

Answer 40

left recurrent laryngeal nerve cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle paralyzed

Question 41

what sinus is each color?

Answer 41

Question 42

where does the maxillary sinus drain to?

Answer 42

middle meatus