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.infection & immunity > Equine Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Arteriviridae (equine arteritis)

A

RNA virus
Natural infections asymptomatic
High infection in standardbreds and Warmbloods

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2
Q

CS of equine arteritis

A

Leukopenia
Edema in eyes, abdomen, prepuce, scrotum and m. glands
Hind limbs (stiff gait)

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3
Q

Severe case of equine arteritis

A

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia especially in young foals leading to death

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4
Q

Equine arteritis in mothers

A

Abortion between 3-10 m after gestation
Unvx mares infection results in abortion storms

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5
Q

Aborted fetuses from equine arteritis

A

Autolyzed
Excess fluid in the peritoneal, pleural cavities
Petecchial hemorrhage in perioneal and pleural mucosal surfaces

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6
Q

Equine arteritis transmission

A

Respiratory (aerosols)
Venereal (semen of persistently infected stallions)

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7
Q

Carrier status of Equine arteritis

A

No carrier status in mares or castrated horses (actively dependent on testosterone)
Persistently infected stallions (30-70%)- natural reservoir

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of equine arteritis

A

Replicates in macrophages
Vascular injury in adult horses leads to congestion, edema and hemorrhage

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9
Q

Where is virus concentration the highest for equine arteritis

A

In sex glands and vas deferens
Shedding dependent on testosterone

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10
Q

Dx of Equine arteritis

A

RT-PCR (semen, kidney)**
Serology of Abs (ELISA)

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11
Q

Immunity of equine arteritis

A

Neutralization of Abs after 1 week and persists for years
1 serotype → animals have long life protection

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12
Q

Equine arteritis vx

A

Attenuated or inactivated vx
Colts done after 6-8 m
Mares vx before they become pregnant

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13
Q

________________ for equine arteritis is central to control strategies

A

Identification of carriers

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14
Q

Retroviridae causes ___________ in horses

A

Equine Infectious Anemia

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15
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia

A

Infects macros
Reportable in all states

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16
Q

Forms of equine infectious anemia

A

Acute: death within a month
Sub-acute: persistently infected horses
Chronic: relapsing
Silent: Life of infected horse

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17
Q

CS of the acute phase of equine infectious anemia

A

After 7-21 days: fever, severe anemia, petechial hemorrhage of mucosae leading to death within 2-3 weeks

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18
Q

CS of the subacute phase of equine infectious anemia

A

Continuing moderate fever with recovery Long-life persistent infection
Recurrent episode of disease occurs from new variants

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19
Q

Equine infectious anemia transmission

A

Vectors (tabanid and stable flies in summer)
Iatrogenic (non-sterile equipment)
Transplacental

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of equine infectious anemia

A

Infects monos and macros (life-long cell associated viremia)
Complement: RBCs lysis and hemorrhage from thrombocytopenia

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21
Q

Dx for equine infectious anemia

A

ELISA (Abs) with WB to confirm
Coggins test
PCR of infected macros

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22
Q

How do you differentiate equine infectious anemia from equine viral arteritis

A

Hemorrhage, infected semen in both
Fever episodes, rapid death in anemia
Edema, abortion in arteritis

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23
Q

Paramyxoviridae causes _______________

A

Hendra virus
Genus: henipavirus
subfamily: paramyxovirinae

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24
Q

Hendra virus

A

Zoonotic, severe resp. and neurologic disease affecting horses and humans
Fruit bats (flying foxes)

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25
Q

CS of hendra virus

A

Initial anorexia, depression, fever and ↑ resp. and heart rates then resp and neurological signs
Die quickyl after onset

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26
Q

Pathogenesis of hendra virus

A

Subclinical form in fruit bats
Secretions and excretions from bats
Vets handling infected horse carcasses
Tropism for vascular tissue

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27
Q

Gross lesions of hendra virus

A

Severe pulmonary edema with copious thick, foamy and hemorrhagic fluid in airways
Pericardial effusion

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28
Q

Histopathic lesions fo hendra virus

A

Necrosis and vasculitis of small vessels
Syncytia in the endothelium of lung capillaries and arterioles
Neuronal necrosis and focal gliosis

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29
Q

Differential of hendra virus

A

Macroscopically differentiated from African horse sickness (reovirus) because its from a diff continent, insect borne and not neuro

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30
Q

Dx of hendra virus

A

RT-PCR, IFA, IHC, ELISA

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31
Q

Immunity and prevention of hendra virus

A

Surviving horses: humoral Ab response against virus
Equivac HeV vx
BSL-4 handling

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32
Q

Orthomyxoviridae causes ____________________

A

Equine influenza virus (type A)

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33
Q

Equine influenza virus

A

Reportable RNA virus
Most impt. cause of resp. disease in horses
H3N8 in different outbreaks

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34
Q

How does influenza cause viral infection?

A

Attach to cells via binding of their activated HA to sialic-acid containing receptors (glucose receptors)

35
Q

Genetic drift

A

Point mutations representing substitutions

36
Q

Genetic shift

A

Genomic segment re-assortment

37
Q

Where is Equine influenza virus fatal

A

Donkeys, zebras, and debilitated horses

38
Q

CS of Equine influenza virus

A

Harsh, dry paroxysmal cough
Fever (4-5 days), prolonged → abortion in mares
Secondary infection may occur
Self- limiting if infection absent

39
Q

_____________ are the only source of Equine influenza virus

A

Equids
rarely the source is avian

40
Q

Pathogenesis of Equine influenza virus

A

Replicates in epith. cells of upper and lower resp. tract → destruction of ciliated epithelium → nasal discharge, laryngitis, bronchitis, etc.

41
Q

DD of Equine influenza virus

A

Equine herpes 1
Equine Adeno
Equine rhinitis virus
Bacterial infection

42
Q

Dx of Equine influenza virus

A

RT-PCR (nasal swabs)
Isolation in embyronated eggs or K9 kidney cells
Paired serum samples (serology)
Rapid ELISA

43
Q

Immunity and control of Equine influenza virus

A

Inactivated vx with 2 lineages of H3N8
Live attenuated recombinant canarypox vaccines

44
Q

Equid Herpesvirus 1 causes _____________

A

Equine abortion virus

45
Q

Equine abortion virus

A

Most important viral cause of abortion
Carried in an inactive state
Reportable

46
Q

CS of equine abortion virus

A

Resp. (route of infection)
Viremia → serious systemic disease
Sporadic abortion (abortion storm)- last trimester
Encephalomyelitis

47
Q

Aborted fetuses (equine abortion virus)

A

Autolysis if abortion b4 6 months
Icterus, splenomegaly, pale foci of necrosis / cut surfaces on the liver

48
Q

Micro lesions of equine abortion virus

A

Severe necrosis of splenic white pulp
Eosinophilic herpesvirus nuclear IBs

49
Q

Encephalomyelitis (equine abortion virus)

A

Replciation in endothelial cells lining arterioles of brain and SC
Vasculitis, thrombosis and ischemic necrosis
Hemorrhage in SC

50
Q

Dx of herpesviridae (equine abortion virus)

A

Clinical presentation of abortion
IHC, PCR (fetal lung, thymus, spleen)

51
Q

DD of equine abortion virus

A

Equine herpes 4 (causes sporadic abortion like EH1 and resp. disease)
Equine influenza (RNA)

52
Q

Vx of equine abortion virus

A

Attenuated and inactivated vx (for abortion and resp. systems, not neuro or infection)

53
Q

Equine herpesvirus 3 causes _________________

A

Equine coital exanthema virus

54
Q

Equine coital exanthema virus

A

Causes venereal disease of benign consequences
Acute, mild disease

55
Q

Lesions associated with Equine coital exanthema virus

A

Pustular and ulcerative lesions on the vag and vesicular mucosae (circular red nodules on genitalia)
Healing complete by 14 days → carriers have leftover white skin depigmented spots

55
Q

Dx of Equine coital exanthema virus

A

Carriers: white skin depigmented spots
EM and IHC of ulcers

56
Q

Equine herpesvirus 4 causes _____________-

A

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis (herpesviridae alphavirus)

57
Q

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

Most important causing resp. disease
Foals infected first few weeks of life, disease occurs in foals over 2 m old

58
Q

CS from Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

Fever, anorexia, profuse serous discharge mucopurulent
Recrudescence of latent virus → disease episodes later
Occ abortion and rarely neuro disease

59
Q

Vx for Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

For equid herpes 1 and 4

60
Q

Equine herpesvirus 5 causes ________________

A

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (herpesviridae gammaherpesvirus)

61
Q

Cs of Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

A

WL, cough, fever, resp. difficulty

62
Q

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

A

Middle-aged horses (young horses)
Lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoma

63
Q

Dx of Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

A

PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

64
Q

Togaviridae causes ___________

A

Equine encephalitis viruses (Eastern, western, venezuelan)
genus: alphavirus, RNA virus

65
Q

Eastern Equine encephalitis

A

Enzootic in eastern North America (most common in the US)
Severe diseases in horses and humans
High mortality

66
Q

Western Equine encephalitis

A

Widely distributed throughout Americas (infrequent incidence)

67
Q

Venezuelan Equine encephalitis

A

Horses in Central and south America, foreign and reportable
Cellular depletion of BM, spleen, LN, necrosis in pancreas and encephalitis in horses

68
Q

Equine encephalitis viruses transmission

A

Mosquito
Birds or mammals are reservoir hosts (birds to human)

69
Q

Equine encephalitis CS

A

Syndromes of neurological disease: Encephalitis (impaired visions, circling, paralysis)
Mildly affected recovery: dummies

70
Q

Equine encephalitis infections

A

Sub-acute: transient fever
Acute: Protracted fever, anorexia, tachycardia, depression
Progressive: CNS

71
Q

Pathogenesis of Equine encephalitis

A

Enters blood and infects dendritic cells
Primary viremia, second viremia that enters the CNS (infects neurons)

72
Q

Histo lesions of Equine encephalitis

A

Neuronal necrosis of neuronophagia
Nonnuclear inflamm. cells

73
Q

Dx of Equine encephalitis

A

IgM ELISA (acute disease) of serum and CSF confirmed by VN and HAI
RT-PCR, IF and IHC

74
Q

DD of Equine encephalitis

A

West nile (flavi causing encephalomyelitis)
Saint Louis Encephalitis (Flavi, no CS)
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (sarcocystis neurona- localized strips of sweating muscle atrophy)
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
Herpes 1 and 4

75
Q

Vx of Equine encephalitis

A

Inactivated vx
Horses vx annually
Foals @ 3, 4 and 6m of age

76
Q

Core viral vx of horses

A

EEE, WEE, West nile, rabies
noncore: equine influenza, equine herpes, EVA

77
Q

Flaviviridae causes ________________

A

West Nile Virus

78
Q

Transmission of West Nile Virus

A

Arthropod-born
Wild birds susceptible to fatal infection
Other birds reservoir
Horses dead end hosts

79
Q

The mosquito vector of West Nile Virus is ________

A

Culex

80
Q

CS of West Nile Virus

A

Neurological signs: depression, head tremors, ataxia
Low morbidity, high mortality

81
Q

Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus

A

Low titer viremia and CNS lesions (brain and SC of scattered foci of neuronal necrosis and lymphocytic encephalomyelitis

82
Q

Dx of West Nile Virus

A

IgM ELISA (acute disease)
Postmortem: RT-PCR, ICH of tissue from brain
Invitros isolation of mosquito cells iwht RT-PCR or ICH

83
Q

Vx of West Nile Virus

A

Live attenuated recombinant canarypox, DNA vx and inactivated vx

.infection & immunity (12 decks)

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