Era 1 + 2 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Syncretism
A
Combining of cultures
2
Q
Paleolithic Age time period
A
2.5 million- 10,000 BCE
3
Q
Paleolithic Age
A
Hominids transitioned from ape-like scavengers to nomadic hunting-gathering humans.
4
Q
What did humans have during the Paleolithic Age?
A
Fire, simple tools, speech, clothing
5
Q
Neolithic Age time period
A
Began 10,000 BCE
6
Q
Neolithic Age
A
People settled down in communities and civilizations emerged, metal tools
7
Q
River valley civilizations time period
A
3,500- 1,500 BCE
8
Q
Major river valleys (5)
A
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang China, South America
9
Q
Pastoralism
A
Nomadic tribal bands that tamed livestock. Traded, immigrated, invaded civs.
10
Q
Foraging/ Hunting and gathering societies time period
A
c. 35,000 BCE
11
Q
Foraging (hunting and gathering) societies
A
Baskets for gathering/ storing, hunting tools, less conflict and more equality
12
Q
Main locations of foraging (hunting and gathering) societies
A
Migrated from Africa to everywhere until sedentary agri. societies & empires took over fertile areas
13
Q
Agricultural societies time period
A
8,000 BCE
14
Q
Agricultural societies
A
Domestication of agri., iron tools, writing systems developed, more inequality
15
Q
Main locations of agricultural societies
A
Middle East -> river valleys in Mesopotamia, Nile River valley, India, China, Mesoamerica, Andes
16
Q
Pastoral societies time period
A
8,000 BCE
17
Q
Pastoral societies
A
Domestication of horses and camels
18
Q
Main locations of pastoral societies
A
Steppes, grassland, desert, mountains
19
Q
What led to foraging -> agriculture?
A
More population, less game, climate change
20
Q
Pastoral and agrarian societies both….
A
Had elite groups accumulate wealth -> social hierarchies and patriarchy
21
Q
Civilization
A
Large societies w/ cities and powerful states
22
Q
States
A
Powerful systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor + resources through a divine/ military ruler
23
Q
Early regions of state expansion or empire building
A
Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley
24
Q
Neolithic agricultural inventions
A
Pottery, plows, metallurgy, wheels, and woven textiles
25
Classical civilizations time period
600 BCE- 600 CE
26
Major classical civilizations
Han, Greece, Rome, Maurya, and Gupta
27
Egyptian culture
Concerned with decorative arts, shipbuilding, some medical knowledge
28
Egypt gov't system
Authoritarian
29
Egypt vs Mesopotamia
Egypt was less advanced in math and astronomy, and had less nobility and merchants
30
Indus vs. Mesopotamia
Indus had cruder weapons than Mesopotamia, stone arrowheads w/ no swords
31
Indus Valley political organization
At Harappa and
| Mohenjo-Daro, assumed to be complex and centralized bc of granaries near cities
32
7 similarities of early river civs.
1. Irrigation systems
2. Legal codes
3. Economic systems
4. Art + written lit
5. Scientific knowledge, numbering systems, and calendars
6. Social inequality
7. City planning and architecture
I Left Ecko's Art and Science Supplies at the City.
33
Phoenicians push and pull factor to
E. Mediterranean -> N. Africa + S. Europe because of lack of space in homeland and wanted $ from trade
34
Phoenicians created...
Phoenicians created an alphabet with 22 characters -> Greece, Rome, etc.
35
Israelites
From Ur, Mesopotamia -> Canaan w/ Abraham
36
Jewish effect
Basis to Christianity and Islam
37
Aryans
Pastoralists that replaced Indus River valley and eventually became agriculturalists. Created the caste system
38
Aryan effect
Aryan stories became he basis for Hinduism
39
Huns
Attila the Hun and Mongolians that pushed Germanic tribes outta Roman Empire, caused fall of W. Rome, Han, and Gupta
40
Germanic people
Found from the Black Sea to the Rhine, pushed outta Roman Empire by Huns
41
4 classical civ similarities
Patriarchy families, agriculture based economies, complex gov'ts, trade base
42
Silk Road
China -> Mediterranean Turkey, passages with stops, Chinese silk was wanted the most
43
Indian Ocean trade
3 legs
1. Africa to ME w/ India
2. India to SE Asia
3. SE Asia - Canton China
44
Persian Empire culture and religion (3)
1. Tolerance for conquered people
2. Infrastructure: roads/trade (ME-> Asia), postal service
3. Zoroastrianism
45
Persian Empire political organization (2)
1. Authoritarian, Centralized bureaucracy: taxes, provinces, satraps
2. Conquered by Alex the Great
46
Later Persian empires
Parthian, Sassanid
47
Persian empire social structure (4)
- Slavery was rare
- Military nobility
- Religious tolerance
- Hellenistic influence on art
48
Greek culture: Athens
1. Education
2. Political theory
3. Celebrated humans
4. Philosophy + science for logic
5. Sculptures, lit, math, written language (record keeping)
49
Greek trade
Great seafaring skills centered around Aegean and traveled around Mediterranean
50
Greek political organization (2)
- NO CENTRAL GOV'T
| - City states with different gov'ts
51
Athens gov't (2)
- tyrants -> citizen assembly
| - direct democracy: lottery for positions
52
Sparta social structure
- Women more equal to men, allowed to be fit
- Wealth accumulation not allowed
- Slavery common
53
Athens social structure
- Men > Women and slaves (couldn't participate in gov't)
| - Social status dependent on land ownership and cultural sophistication
54
Roman military techniques (3)
Conquer but don't oppress, army divided into legions, emphasized org. and rewarding military talent
55
Roman culture (2)
- from Greece: Art, lit, philosophy, science
| - engineering and architecture: road systems, aqueduct, bridge (arch)
56
Roman religion (2)
- Polytheistic from Greeks
(Unimportant)
- Christianity dev. during LATE Empire pd.
57
Roman era 1
Republic rule by aristos, and assemblies. Senate most powerful w/ 2 consuls (military)
58
Roman era 2
- Empire: emperor chosen by Senate (lol jk predecessor)
59
Roman law
- Developed the rule of law
60
Roman social structure
Patricians (aristos), middle class merchants, and plebeians (peasants)
61
What was Roman wealth based on?
Land ownership (like China)
62
Where were Roman slaves used?
Households, mines, large estates, manual labor
63
Patron client system
Used by Rome by wealthy patrons and less fortunate clients
64
Zhou dynasty
Confucianism develops in late Zhou dynasty, emperor rules by Mandate of Heaven
65
Religions in China during 500 BCE- 600 CE
Confucianism dominates, legalism and daoism develop, Buddhism appears but no influential yet
66
Qin Dynasty- Shi Huangdi
Harsh rule through Shi Huangdi (1st real emperor), hated intellectuals. But he built the Great Wall, had clay soldiers and lavish tomb
67
Han dynasty- religion
- Confucianism dominates the political and social structure, so Chinese identity is cemented
68
Chinese inventions
Water mills, paper, compass, pottery, silk-making, 365 calendar, ox plows
69
Chinese capital Xi'An
Sophisticated, diverse
70
Han dynasty- politics
Strong centralized gov't, supported by bureaucrats thru civil service exams (5 classics)
71
Qin dynasty- Shi Huangdi ruling style and created...
Autocratic, and created national census, 1 single law code, and a tax system
72
What was Chinese wealth based on?
Land ownership (like Rome)
73
Chinese social structure
Landowners/ Bureaucrats
Merchants
Peasants
Laborers
74
Mauryan/ Gupta religion
Mauryans: Buddhists
Guptas: Hindu
75
India trade?
India was open to trade and expansion thru Silk Road and Indian Ocean ❤️, so merchants had high status
76
Indian inventions
- Arabic numerals (based on 10 system)
- Astronomy
- Medicine
- Math
77
Was India politically unified?
NOPE, because geographic barriers and diverse ppl -> fragment small kingdoms
78
Importance of Indian political authority
Political authority was less important than caste membership + group alliances
79
How were the Mauryan and Gupta empires formed?
Mauryan and Gupta were formed based on military conquest
80
Mauryan emperor Ashoka
Converted to Buddhism, kept the religion alive
81
Gupta empire
Used theater state techniques to impress visitors and coverup political weakness
82
India politics
Diversity of political forms, including regionalism
83
Role of women during Gupta
Women's status declined during Gupta, during increased acquisition + inheritance of property
84
Sati
Indian ritual for wealthy women, cremate themselves in husband's funeral pyre
85
Indian caste system
```
Warriors
Priests ⬆️ during epic age
Farmers
Laborers
Untouchables (no slavery)
```
86
Order of classical civs fall
Han, W. Roman Empire, Gupta
87
Factors that caused Han, Rome, and Gupta to fall (4)
1. Attacks from Huns
2. Deterioration of political institutions
3. Protecting/ maintaining borders
4. Diseases from trade
ADPD
88
Deterioration of political institutions (3)
Corruption, weak rulers, moral decay from previous years
89
Protection/ maintenance of borders
Borders were too large for military to guard (Great walls and Huns)
90
Attacks from Huns
Migrations caused by drought and lack of pasture, and the stirrup facilitated attacks
91
Diseases that followed trade routes
Plagued and epidemics killed as much as 1/2 of each population
92
Gupta decline
Gupta's dependence on alliances with regional princes broke down -> political fragmentation
93
Rome's decline
Lasted the longest, empire split into 2, eastern half asked another 1,000 years
94
Which empire lasted the longest out of 3?
Rome
95
Which empire's fall had the last amount of impact, and why?
Gupta's fall had the last amount of impact, partly bc it was already not politically united, and bc of Hinduism + the caste system
96
Impact of fall least to greatest
Gupta, Han, Rome
97
Han's fall
Problematic for China bc of their strong centralized gov't, which led to social disorder. But, they had dynastic cycles thru Mandate of Heaven, and Confucianism
98
Rome's fall
Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on the gov't + military to control territory.
99
Effect of Christianity on Rome's fall
Even tho Christianity emerge as a major religion, it appeared so late in the empire it didn't unify ppl
100
What happened to areas of Roman Empire after its fall?
The areas of the Roman Empire fragmented into small parts and dev. unique characteristics
101
Fall of 3 empires on trade in general and Indian Ocean
Trade was disrupted but survived with increased long distance contact.
Trade on the Indian Ocean even increased as weak political authority affected overland trade
102
Fall of 3 empires on religion
The importance of
| religion > political authority
103
Christianity and Buddhism during fall of 3 empires
In the west, Christianity slowly developed
Buddhism spread quickly in China threatening Confucianism
104
Islam during fall of 3 empires
Political disunity in ME ➡️ Islam in 600 CE
105
Mandate of Heaven
The belief that dynasties rise and fall according to the will of heaven/ ancestors
