Era 4

Question 1

How did long-distance trade change? (2)

Answer 1

It included the global circulation of some commodities, and the formation of new regional markets and financial centers

Question 2

Increased transregional and global trade networks facilitated the spread of… (3)

Answer 2

Religion, culture, large amounts of migrants

Question 3

Columbian Exchange

Answer 3

Exchange of plants and animals, disease, and people.

Question 4

Effect of Columbian Exchange

Answer 4

Population growth from new food.

Question 5

European technological developments in ___ and __ built on _____.

Answer 5

European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds

Question 6

European Technology Developments (3 with 2 examples)

Answer 6

New tools (astrolabe, improved maps), innovations in ship designs (caravels), and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns

Question 7

Columbian Exchange- Exports: American foods (3) spread to (3)

Answer 7

American foods like potatoes, maize, manioc spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Question 8

Columbian Exchange- Imports: Agriculture (2)

Answer 8

Europeans bring domesticated animals (horses, pigs, cattle), African slaves (okra, rice).

Question 9

Syncretic and new forms of religion (3)

Answer 9

1. Vodun in the Caribbean
2. Cults of saints in Latin America
3. Sikhism in South Asia

Question 10

Spread of existing religions (3)

Answer 10

1. Islam -> Afro-Eurasia
2. Christianity affected by Reformation
3. Buddhism -> Asia

Question 11

Innovations in visual and performing arts (4)

Answer 11

1. Renaissance art in Europe
2. Miniature paintings in ME + S. Asia
3. Wood-block prints in Japan
4. Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica

Question 12

Popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature (4) led to (1)

Answer 12

1. Shakespeare
2. Cervantes
3. Sundiata
4. Journey to the West
5. Kabuki

expands literacy

Question 13

A surge in agri. productivity resulted from (2)

Answer 13

1. New methods in crop and field rotation

2. Intro of new crops

Question 14

Intensification of peasant labor (3)

Answer 14

1. Frontier settlements in Russian Siberia (Cossacks)
2. Cotton textile production in India.
3. Silk textile production in China.

Question 15

What increased demand for slaves in Americas?

Answer 15

Growth of the plantation economy

Question 16

Coerced labor (3)

Answer 16

1. Chattel slavery- owning human property
2. Indentured servitude
3. Encomienda + hacienda systems- colonists can demand tribute and labor from Native Americans, agri. estates

Question 17

What created new elites? (2)

Answer 17

Creation

1. Imperial conquests
2. econ. oppurtunities

Question 18

New elites (4)

Answer 18

1. Chinese manchus
2. Creole elites in Spanish America
3. European gentry
4. Merchants

Question 19

What happened to the existing elites?

Answer 19

Their power fluctuated as they faced challenges influencing the policies of monarchs + leaders.

Question 20

Existing elites (3)

Answer 20

1. Zamindars in Mughal Empire- land owners that taxed peasants
2. Nobility in Europe
3. Daimyo in Japan

Question 21

Gender + Family Restructuring (2)

Answer 21

1. Dependence on Euro men on SE Asian women for conducting trade in that region.
2. The smaller size of European families- children take on emotional meaning, not economic

Question 22

New ethnic and racial classifications (3)

Answer 22

1. Mestizos- Spanish + American Indian
2. Mulatto- African + Europeans in North America
3. Creole- African + European elites in South America

Question 23

Where were cash crops grown and exported?

Answer 23

1. Grown: Plantations with coerced labor.

2. Exported: Europe + ME

Question 24

Examples of Cash crops (2)

Answer 24

1. Sugar

2. Tobacco

Question 25

Strategies of centralization

Answer 25

1. More efficient tax systems on peasants -> rebellions

Question 26

What led to an increase of funding for the visual + performing arts? (2)

Answer 26

1. Merchants' profits | 2. Taxes collected by the gov't

Question 27

How did rulers legitimize + consolidate their power? (4)

Answer 27

1. The arts 2. Religious ideas 3. Treated different ethnic + religious groups that utilized econ. contributions while limiting ability to challenge authority 4. Use bureaucratic elites + military professionals 5. Tax farming + tribute collection

Question 28

Arts as displays of political power (4)

Answer 28

1. Monumental architecture 2. Urban design 3. Courtly literature 4. The visual arts

Question 29

Religious ideas (4)

Answer 29

1. European divine right 2. Safavid use of Shi'ism 3. Aztec human sacrifice 4. Chinese emperors perform Confucian rituals

Question 30

Differential treatment of ethnic and religious groups (2)

Answer 30

1. Ottoman treatment of non- Muslims | 2. Manchu policies towards Chinese

Question 31

Bureaucratic elites or military professionals (3)

Answer 31

1. Ottoman devshirme 2. Chinese exam sys. 3. Salaried samurai

Question 32

Imperial expansion relied on the use of (3)

Answer 32

1. Gunpowder 2. Cannons 3. Armed trade (Portuguese)

Question 33

Examples of imperial expansion- land + maritime empires (2, 5)

Answer 33

``` Land 1. Manchus 2. Mughals Sea 1. Portugese 2. Spanish 3. Dutch 4. French 5. British ```

Question 34

What 3 things challenged state consolidation + expansion?

Answer 34

1. Competition over trade routes 2. State rivalries 3. Local resistance

Question 35

Competition over trade routes (2)

Answer 35

1. Oman-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean. | 2. Piracy in the Caribbean

Question 36

State rivalries (2)

Answer 36

1. Thirty Years War | 2. Ottoman-Safavid conflict

Question 37

Local Resistance (3)

Answer 37

1. Food riots 2. Samurai revolts 3. Peasant uprisings

Question 38

____ led to commercialization and the creation of a global economy.

Answer 38

New global circulation of silver from the Americas

Question 39

The Atlantic system involved the movement of (3), and the mixing of (3) cultures and peoples.

Answer 39

``` The Atlantic system involved the movement of... 1. goods 2. wealth 3. free/ unfree laborers and the mixing of 1. African 2. American 3. European cultures and peoples. ```

Question 40

Columbian Exchange: Disease (2)

Answer 40

Diseases included smallpox, measles, influenza + Vermin (mosquitos rats)

Question 41

How did peasant labor change?

Answer 41

It intensified as plantations expanded and the demand for labor increased bc of demand for raw materials + mfg goods.