ERG RS2

Question 1

list the functions of a strong and coordinated abdominal core

Answer 1

-assists in breathing -control the rises in intra-abdominal pressure - assist in stabilizing the abdominopelvic organs -assist in micturition, defecation, and child birth -support the low back

Question 2

which 3 muscles in the core work together to control abdominal cavity pressure

Answer 2

roof= diaphragm floor= pelvic floor sides= transverse abdominus

Question 3

what pathology can increased abdominal pressure lead to

Answer 3

hiatal hernia

Question 4

how are the abdominal organs protected

Answer 4

stomach, pancreas, liver, and kidneys are protected by the bones (ribs, pelvic, L1-L50) and muscles protect the rest

Question 5

why is the linea alba a safe zone for cutting

Answer 5

has less vessels and nerves

Question 6

what are the 2 layers of superficial fascia covering of the abdominal cavity

Answer 6

fatty layer= campers fascia membranous layer= scarpas fascia

Question 7

name the layers of the abdominal wall in order

Answer 7

skin superficial fascia external oblique abdominal muscle internal oblique abdominis muscle transversus abdominis muscle transversalis fascia extraperitoneal fatty tissue peritoneum (parietal layer)

Question 8

what spinal segment is the umbilicus at

Answer 8

T10

Question 9

what spinal segment is the pubic line at

Answer 9

L1

Question 10

name the green, blue, and purple structures

Answer 10

green: abdominal skin blue: spermatic cord purple: femoral triangle (top to bottom= nerve artery, vein)

Question 11

identify the green, blue, and purple labels

Answer 11

green: external oblique muscle with aponeurosis reflected
blue: linea semilunaris (lateral edge rectus sheath)
purple: linea alba (medial edge of rectus sheath cut longitudinally)

Question 12

name the purple, green, and blue labels

Answer 12

purple: reflected external oblique muscle and aponeurosis
green: internal oblique muscle, aponeurosis partially removed
blue: rectus sheath overing the rectus abdominus (6 pack)

Question 13

what direction are the external oblique muscle fibers

Answer 13

anterolateral (hands in pocket)

Question 14

what direction are the internal oblique muscel fibers

Answer 14

superomedial (hands in mouth, perpendiculaar to external oblique)

Question 15

what direction are the transverse abdominus fibers

Answer 15

horizontal (toward the midline)

Question 16

what makes up the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths

Answer 16

fusions of appeneurosis of anterolateral muscles

Question 17

name the anterolateral muscles superior to deep

Answer 17

external oblique

internal oblique

transverse abdominus

Question 18

what is surrounded by the anterior and posterior rectus sheath

Answer 18

rectus abdominus

Question 19

what forms the anterior rectus sheath above the arcuate line

Answer 19

external oblique ap and half of the internal oblique ap

Question 20

where is the arcuate line

Answer 20

between the umbilicus and pubic symphasis

Question 21

what makes up the posterior rectus sheath above the arcuate line

Answer 21

half of the internal oblique ap and transversus abdominus ap

Question 22

what makes up the anterior sheath below arcuate line

Answer 22

all three anterolateral muscle aps

Question 23

what makes up the posterior rectus sheath below the pectinate line

Answer 23

nothing, it stops after arcuate line

Question 24

tendonus intersections

Answer 24

connective tissue running horizontally on rectus abdominus (6 pack lines)

Question 25

what is th elinea alba

Answer 25

where appeneurosis fuse, on the midline

Question 26

semilunar line

Answer 26

white line that runs longitudinally along lateral rectus abdominus and on lateral anterior wall of rectus abdominus,

Question 27

what artery and vein run on the posterior of the rectus abdominus where do they enter

Answer 27

the inferior epigastric artery and vein runs superiorly along rectus abdominus and enters ar arcuate line

Question 28

what makes up the inguinal ligament

Answer 28

external oblique muscle appeneurosis

Question 29

where is the superficial inguinal ring

Answer 29

external oblique appenerosis

Question 30

where does the ingiunal ligament span

Answer 30

between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

Question 31

what is the inguinal canal

Answer 31

extens from superficial inguinal ring to deep inguinal ring

Question 32

where is the deep inguinal ring

Answer 32

inside the pelvis

Question 33

what are the contents of the spermatic cord

Answer 33

vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of veins, cremaster muscle

Question 34

identify the pink label

Answer 34

rectus absominus muscle with rectus sheath partially reflected and pinned

Question 35

name the blue arrow

Answer 35

inguinal ligament

Question 36

name the blue, green, and pink labeled structures

Answer 36

blue: transversus abdominus green: internal oblique pink: external oblique

Question 37

what are the contents immerging from blue arrow labeled structer what do they pass through to enter their final destination what is their final destination

Answer 37

spermatic cord emerging from inguinal ligament pass through superficial inguinal ring to end in scrotum

Question 38

name the encircled structure and what is labaeled with astrisk

Answer 38

spermatic cord superficial inguinal ring

Question 39

when the campers fascia divides inferiorly, what is the deeper layer it gives rise to

Answer 39

scarpas fascia

Question 40

when the campers fascia disappears, the scarpas fascia continues as superior facia later in scrotum called:

Answer 40

dartos fascia

Question 41

what is the continuation of scarpa fascia on the penis

Answer 41

superficial penile fascia

Question 42

innervation of external oblique abdominus movement

Answer 42

T6-T12, L1 lateral spinal flexion

Question 43

where does the external oblique muscle fibers become appenurossis

Answer 43

mid clavicular line

Question 44

innervation of internal oblique abdominis

Answer 44

T6-T12, L1

Question 45

internal oblique abdominis movement

Answer 45

spine lateral flexion

Question 46

what forms the lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament

Answer 46

internal oblique

Question 47

what forms lateral 1/3 inguinal ligament

Answer 47

transverse abdominis muscle

Question 48

innervation of transversus abdominis

Answer 48

T6-T12, L1

Question 49

rectus abdominus innervation

Answer 49

T6-12

Question 50

rectus abdominis movement

Answer 50

spine flexion

Question 51

between what leyers of the rectus sheath does the superior epigastric vessels run

Answer 51

between internal and transverse

Question 52

what muscles are used in spine flexion

Answer 52

external and internal obliques, rectus abodminis

Question 53

what muscles are used in spine rotation

Answer 53

external and contralateral internal oblique

Question 54

what is the inguinal triangle of hesselbach and what is it prone to

Answer 54

prone to hernia: pressure causes intesine to protrude medially= rectus abdominus inferior= inguinal ligament laterally= ingerior epigastric artery

Question 55

direct inguinal hernia

Answer 55

aquired herniating bowel passes medial to inferior epigastric vessels, pusing through peritoneum and transversalis fascia in inguinal triangle to enter inguinal canal not likely to enter scrotum does not pass through deep inguinal ring passes through superficial ring

Question 56

indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 56

congenital herniating bowel passes lateral to ingerior epigastric vessels to enter deep inguinal ring enters scrotum passes through superficial inguinal ring

Question 57

what is found in the inguinal canal of females

Answer 57

round ligament of uterus

Question 58

what spinal cord level is responsible for cremasteric reflex

Answer 58

L1

Question 59

what forms the external spermatic fascia

Answer 59

fascia of external oblique muscle

Question 60

what forms cremaster muscle and fascia

Answer 60

fascia of internal oblique muscle

Question 61

what forms the internal spermatic fascia

Answer 61

fascia transversalis

Question 62

what is the blood supply and innervation of cremaster msucle

Answer 62

cremaster artery from inferior epigastric artery genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1,L2)

Question 63

What are the symtpoms of testicular torsion

Answer 63

belly pain, vommitting, testicular pain

Question 64

what physical exam manuver can test for testicular torsion

Answer 64

cremasteric reflex: touching inner thigh should cause the scrotum to rise tests inguinal and genital branch of genitofemoral

Question 65

what is the rescue rate of testicular torsion at 6, 12, 24, and greater than 24 hours

Answer 65

90%, 50%, 10%, 0%

Question 66

how would you regionally partition the abdomen into 4 zones? 9 zones?

Answer 66

4 = right upper, left upper, right lowe, left lower quadrants 9 = right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac regions

Question 67

to make an incision into the abdominal cavity what are the layers you would have to cut through (superficial to deep)

Answer 67

skin superficial fascia (camper's and scarpa's fascia) external oblique abdominis muscle internal oblique abdominis muscle transversus abdominis muscle transversus fascia extraperitoneal fatty tissue peritoneum (parietal layer)

Question 68

describe the lingual ligament

Answer 68

runs from pubic tubercle to anterior superior iliac spine forms the base of the inguinal canal and boundary of inguinal canal formed by the exernal oblique muscle appenerosus is is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh

Question 69

what is an umbilical hernia

Answer 69

intestine protrude through the muscles of the abdomen

Question 70

name the attachments of the round ligament

Answer 70

labia majora and the uterus (horns)

Question 71

why might yo insert your finger into the superficial ring and ask your patient to cough

Answer 71

to palapate if there is a hernia

Question 72

describe what is found within the median, medial, and lateral umbilical folds and their clinical significants

Answer 72

median midline fold: urachus medial umbilical folds: medial umbilical ligament (obliterated umbilical artery) lateral umbilical folds: inferior epigasteric artery and vein

Question 73

you notice a bulge in the inguinal region and determine that it originates medial to the inferior epigastric artery. What type of hernia is this most likely to be? A. femoral hernia B. direct inguinal hernia C. indirect inguinal hernia D. umbilical hernia E. hiatal hernia

Answer 73

B. direct inguinal hernia

Question 74

layering of the rectus sheath changes at the arcuate line internally. What fascial layers would you find on the inner surface of the rectus abdominis muscle below the arcuate line? A. fascia of external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia, parietal peritoneum B. fascia of internal oblique, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia, parietal peritoneum C. fascia of the transversus abdominus, transversalis fascia, parietal peritoneum D. transversalis fascia, perietal periotneum E. parietal peritoneum only

Answer 74

D. transversalis fascia, parietal peritoneum

Question 75

which of the abdominal fascia layers becomes the cremaster muscle in the spermatic cord A. external oblique B. internal oblique fascia C. transversus abdominis fascia D. trasnversalis fascia E. peritoneum

Answer 75

B. internal oblique fascia

Question 76

the dartos muscle and fascia of the scrotal sack are derived from which abdominal layer A. external oblique B. interna oblique fascia C. transversus abdomins fascia D. campers fascia E. scarpas fascia

Answer 76

E. scarpas fascai

Question 77

where does the testicular artery (male) and ovarian artery (female) originate A. aorta B. inferior epigastric artery C. common iliac artery D. external iliac artery E. internal pudendal artery

Answer 77

A. aorta

Question 78

identify the fascial layer at the arrow head A. rectus sheath B. scarp's fascia C. external oblique fascia D. Camper's fascia E. fascia of the teninous insertion

Answer 78

D. camper's fascia

Question 79

which of the following is beneath the rectangle A. external oblique muscle B. internal oblique muscle C. transversus abdominus muscle D. pyramidalis muscle E. rectus abdominis muscle

Answer 79

B. internal oblique muscle

Question 80

the structyre labeled with an asterisk and arrow is which of the following A. lucanar ligament B. conjoint tendon C. medial crux inguinal ligament D. lateral crux inguinal ligament E. inguinal ligament

Answer 80

E. inguinal ligament

Question 81

what is the structure labeled with the white asterisk and a red outline A. superficial inguinal ring B. deep inguinal ring C. Hesselbach's triangle D. Vas deferens E. pampiniform plexus

Answer 81

A. superficial inguinal ring

Question 82

math the numbers in the photograph with the structures listed below A. lina semilunaris B. external oblique fascia (inguinal ligament) C. femoral nerve D. femoral artery

Answer 82

A. 5 B. 4 C. 1 D. 2

Question 83

describe the solid arrow and dotted white line

Answer 83

solid arrow: spermatic chord which travels through the deep inguinal ring into the inguinal canal which is the white dotted line

Question 84

name each of the solid white arrows, astrisk and black line

Answer 84

astrisk: spermatic cord arrows top to bottom: median, medial and lateral umbilical folds black line: arcuate line