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Histology Exam 1 > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood and its function & avg volume in adults?

A
  • Specialized connective tissue in fluid
  • Function: thermoregulation & homeostasis, 1’ vehicle for transport of nutrients, O2, CO2, waste products, & hormones
  • ~5Liters
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2
Q

Plasma

A

extracellular matrix

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3
Q

components of blood

A
  • plasma ~55% of blood volume

- 91-92% water, 7-8% protein, 1-2% electrolytes (Na, Ca, K, HCO3)

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4
Q

serum

A

only plasma. NO clotting factors

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5
Q

what are the 3 plasma proteins?

A
  1. Fibrinogens
  2. Albumins
  3. Globulins
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6
Q

Albumins

A

bulk of plasma proteins, all synthesized in liver
•transport proteins for insoluble metabolites
•maintaining colloid osmotic pressure in blood vessels

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7
Q

Globulins

A
  • large molecules

- transport proteins for lipids & heavy metal ions

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8
Q

Globulins consists the largest fraction of what?

A

immunoglobulins—Ab’s synthesized by plasma cells

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9
Q

Fibrinogens

A
  • largest proteins; soluble, synthesized by liver

- polymerize to form insoluble fibrin during clotting

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10
Q

process of forming fibrin

A

prothrombin->thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen->fibrin

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11
Q

formed elements

A

cells in the blood, which are rbc’s, WBC’s, & platelets

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12
Q

hemopoiesis consist of what? And forms what?

A

rbc’s, WBC’s, & platelets—formed in bone marrow

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13
Q

hematocrit

A

volume of RBC

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14
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

genetic neoplasia => ^ rbc production

•> 48% in women & 52% in men => sludging of blood & variety of symptoms

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15
Q

PCV

A

packed cell volume (+/-buffy coat, depending on source)

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16
Q

buffy coat

A

WBC’s & platelets; ~1-2%

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17
Q

Blood smear

A

drop of blood smeared, air-dried, stained with modified Romanovsky method (e.g., Wright, Giemsa, Diff-Quik)

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18
Q

Hemopoiesis

A
  • Process by which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells
  • Consists of erythropoiesis and Myeolpoiesis
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19
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

red cell production

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20
Q

Myeolpoiesis

A

white cell production

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21
Q

Under control of erythropoietin, secreted by what organ?

A

kidney

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22
Q

pluripotential

A

how hemopoiesis begins which differentiates into several unipotenital stem cells

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23
Q

how does hemopoiesis occur in adult humans?

A

occurs in vascular sinuses of bone marrow of cert bones—especially flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, & some long bones

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24
Q

how does hemopoiesis occur in fetus?

A
  1. first trimester: occurs in “blood islands” in wall of yolk sac
  2. second trimester: occurs in liver & lymphatic tissue
  3. last month of pregnancy: in bone marrow
  4. At time of birth, restricted 1’ to marrow cavities—# of active sites ↓with age
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25
types of bone marrow? (2)
1. Red marrow | 2. Yellow or fatty marrow inactive
26
Red marrow
active, contains large #’s of mature rbc’s
27
Yellow or fatty marrow
inactive
28
stages of erythropoiesis
Stem cell colony forming units (CFU-E) -> proerythroblast ->erythroblast/ normoblast->reticulocyte->mature rbc
29
overall trend of erythropoiesis
progressive ↓in cell size, loss of nucleus & organelles, ↑in [Hb]
30
how do erthrocytes appear in mammals?
enucleate
31
what do mature RBC consits?
- outer cell membrane containing cytoplasm, Hb, & few enzymes - lack mitochondria have limited lifespan (~120 days) - only make ATP via anaerobic glycolysis
32
Senescent rbc’s
removed from circulation by liver & spleen
33
Howell-Jolly bodies
occasional, basophilic nuclear remnants visible within cytoplasm
34
Reticulocytes
immature rbc’s with stippled cytoplasm; still have some rRNA | Slightly larger than mature rbc’s
35
Reticulocytosis
↑reticulocytes in circulation associated with chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia—aka “left shift”
36
hemolytic anemia is also known as what?
"left shift"
37
what can anemias be seen in?
severe or chronic infections
38
what are the 2 types of anemia?
1. macrocytes | 2. megaloblastic
39
megaloblastic anemia
some anemias present large numbers of erythrocyte precursors in peripheral blood
40
macrocytes
Present in anemias, Vit B12 & B9 deficiency => large cells
41
Erythrocytes diameter size
6-8um biconcave disc-> deformability
42
Spectrin and its function
-primary structural protein in RBC's -Function: Provides both resiliency & deformability. Binds to inner surface of plasma membrane
43
significance of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes
increase surface area for gas exchange
44
Hemoglobin structure & function
Structure: contains 4 polypeptide chains associated with 4 Fe-containing heme groups Function: Involved in O2 & CO2 transport; contain large amounts of Fe containing pigment
45
What is anemia
- decrease in Fe or blood loss - RBC's are small (microcytic) and pale staining (hypochromic) - being more tired
46
microcytic vs. normocytic
microcytic: small RBCs size normocytic: normal RBC size
47
hypochromic vs. normochromic
hypochromic: pale staining normochromic: normal staining
48
Sickle cell anemia
- alteration in Hb structure that effects RBC - occurs from a single amino acid substitution - Causes conformational change => “sickle” shape; more fragile, easily damaged - Cause damage to endothelial cells of capillary walls due to rough edges
49
single amino acid substitution in sickle cell anemia
Valine changes to glutamic acid @ position 6 for B- globulin chain
50
what can sickle cell anemia confer resistance to?
malaria
51
malaria
caused by an intracellular blood parasite, Plasmodium spp.
52
Thrombocytes structure and function
=platelets - small, non-nucleated cells contain organelles - Function in blood clotting—form physical plugs at site of vascular damage - Some drugs (e.g., aspirin) impair platelet function
53
megakaryocytes
- how thrombocytes are formed from large, polyploid cells in bone marrow - single, multilobed nucleus
54
what do cells develop pleated in the cytoplasm?
demarcation channels--platelets "tear off"
55
Coagulation
* Result of cascade interaction between plasma proteins & coagulation factors * Occurs only if endothelial lining of vessel injured
56
In coagulation, what are the 2 convergent pathways
extrinsic & intrinsic
57
Extrinsic pathway
faster—Initiated by release of tissue thromboplastin a result of tissue damage
58
Intrinsic pathway
slower—initiated by exposure of collagen | -Requires numerous clotting factors (e.g., von Willebrand’s factor, Factor VIII) & longer cascade rxn
59
process of coagulation
1. blood vessel wall breaks, tissue injury results 2. Thromboplastin is released and initiates extrinsic pathway. Also exposes collagen, initiates intrinsic pathway 3. Platelets adhere to collagen; also release serotonin (potent vasoconstrictor—constricts sm Mm in damaged vessel to minimize blood loss)
60
serotonin
potent vasoconstrictor—constricts smooth muscle in damaged vessel to minimize blood loss
61
what do extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge to form, and what is the result?
- form common pathway (at point where Factor X activated) - Results in conversion of prothrombin to thrombin AND soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin - Traps platelets & rbc’s
62
What stops clotting?
* Exhaustion of fibrinogen & removal of thrombin from blood during conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin * Also anticoagulants antithrombin III& heparin * Inappropriate clot formation => heart attack, stroke, DIC
63
Hemophilia
- Deficiency in clotting factor(s), so blood can’t clot - defect in intrinsic pathway - Sex-linked, in males; present on X chromosome
64
Hemophilia A
deficiency of clotting Factor VIII (8)
65
Hemophilia B
Factor IX (9) deficiency
66
Hemophilia C
Factor XI (11) deficiency
67
Von Willebrand’s disease
blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

Histology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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