Introduction

Question 1

Cells

Answer 1

functional unit of living organisms

Question 2

Differentiate

Answer 2

to perform special functions

Question 3

Organs

Answer 3

anatomically discreet collections of tissues perform certain functions (eg. liver and kidney)

Question 4

parenchyma

Answer 4

functional elements that cells make up of an organ

Question 5

stroma

Answer 5

structural framework of an organ, background tissue

Question 6

systems

Answer 6

organizations of tissues & organs, may be discreet entities or diffuse aggregates

Question 7

what are 5 basic tissue types

Answer 7

1. blood
2. connective tissue
3. epithelium
4. muscle
5. nervous tissue

Question 8

blood

Answer 8

fluid tissue, contained within vessels of circulatory system

Question 9

connective tissue

Answer 9

surrounds and supports other tissue

Question 10

epithelium

Answer 10

covers body surfaces, lines cavities & form glands

Question 11

muscle

Answer 11

contains specialized contractile cells responsible for movement

Question 12

nervous tissue

Answer 12

contain modified cells responsible for intercellular communication

Question 13

In tissue preparation, how do you prevent unfixed tissues from autolyze/ denature ?

Answer 13

use formalin, which cause cross-linking of proteins to preserve the tissue

Question 14

tissue preparation steps

Answer 14

1. Cassettes
2. dehydrate- via alcohol baths and clear w/ xylene
3. embed in liquid paraffin or plastic resin
   tissue in paraffin will melt, harden in “boat”, transfered to block
4. Microtome or grind if plastic sections
5. Mount on slides
6. Remove paraffin
7. rehydrate with alcohol and xylene
8. Stain
9. coverslip

Question 15

liquid paraffin

Answer 15

most common forms that allow tissue to harden, tissue is supported by wax block

Question 16

plastic resin

Answer 16

provide great images but COSTLY and difficult to statin

ex. methyl methacrylate, MMA

Question 17

what kind of stain is most common?

Answer 17

H&E ( hematoxylin & Eosin)

Question 18

hematoxylin

Answer 18

blue/ purple, basic dye, stains acids (nuceli), basophilic

Question 19

Eosin

Answer 19

red/pink, acidic dye, stains bases (proteins), eosinophilic

Question 20

What color does eosinophilic turn?

Answer 20

red/pink under eosin

Question 21

What color does basophilic turn?

Answer 21

blue/ purple under hematoxylin

Question 22

where can tissue cassettes be located?

Answer 22

automated tissue processor

Question 23

Under the embedding station, the tissue in paraffin wil melt… where does the parafinn harden?

Answer 23

“boat”— paraffin hardens are mounted on the block

Question 24

what is microtoming

Answer 24

process where paraffin is used to get small slices of the tissue

Question 25

parafinn ribbon

Answer 25

warm water baths allow paraffin to relax and spread out

Question 26

Tissue prepatation using parafinn

Answer 26

1. Cassettes 2. Automated tissue processor 3. Embedding station 4. Paraffin "boat" 5. Paraffin block 6. Microtoming paraffin block 7. Paraffin ribbon 8. Floating paraffin ribbon 8. Coverslip

Question 27

Cell membrane

Answer 27

semi-permeable membrane, forms phospholipid bilayer

Question 28

plasmalemma

Answer 28

animal cell membrane

Question 29

what are the 2 distinct layers of cell membrane?

Answer 29

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 30

hydrophilic

Answer 30

contains positively charged N groups and negatively phosphate groups

Question 31

hydrophobic

Answer 31

portion contains two long-chain FA's, covalently linked to glycerol

Question 32

how does the cell membrane appear on the electron microscopy?

Answer 32

tri-laminar appearance: 2 electron dense hydrophilic layers, separated by electron-lucent layer

Question 33

electron lucent layer

Answer 33

hydrophobic, FA tails

Question 34

fluid mosaic model

Answer 34

the fluidity of membrane increase w/ temp and decrease w/ saturation of FA

Question 35

cholesterol

Answer 35

helps with fluidity regulation and membrane stabilization | increase cholesterol= decrease fluidity

Question 36

extrinsic= peripheral proteins

Answer 36

present on surface of membrane

Question 37

intrinsic= integral proteins

Answer 37

within membrane

Question 38

transmural proteins

Answer 38

transmembrane proteins, extend from one side of membrane to other, contains pores/ channels

Question 39

pumps

Answer 39

serve to transport ions across memnbrane

Question 40

channels

Answer 40

open/ close, allow passage of water- soluble molecules via diffusion

Question 41

receptor proteins

Answer 41

allow for cell recognition and binding on cell membrane

Question 42

transducers

Answer 42

initiate enzymatic rxn's following binding with ligand molecules

Question 43

enzymes

Answer 43

components of ion pumps and digestive action

Question 44

structural proteins

Answer 44

add mechanical stability to the membrane

Question 45

glycocalyx structure and function

Answer 45

- short polysaccharide chains containing glucose molecules - form glycoproteins + glycolipids = glycocalyx - role: protects the surface of cell membrane, cell recognition, mediating exchange between internal and external cell enviornment

Question 46

4 principal types of transport

Answer 46

1. simple (passive) diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. active transport 4. active transport 5. bulk (vesicular) transport

Question 47

under facilitated diffusion, what ungated channels are always open

Answer 47

pores

Question 48

under facilitated diffusion, what gated channels can be open or closed

Answer 48

gated channels

Question 49

what does the voltage gating require?

Answer 49

change in membrane potential to open

Question 50

what does chemical gating requires?

Answer 50

binding of signaling molecules or neurotransmitter

Question 51

how are both passive and facilitated diffusion enhanced by?

Answer 51

increase surface area of cell membrane via folding (eg. microvilli)

Question 52

aquaporins

Answer 52

important type of channel that uses facilitated diffusion, allows water to cross membrane by simple diffusion

Question 53

where does active transport occur?

Answer 53

specialized dynamic pore sites

Question 54

bulk (vesicular) transport

Answer 54

requires energy, engulfment of molecules or particles by cytoplasmic extensions

Question 55

what is the result of bulk transport?

Answer 55

formation fo membrane- bound , endocytic vacuoles (endosomes or phagosomes)

Question 56

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 56

extracellular molecules (ligand) bind to receptor proteins or clathrins, located in coated pits of cell membrane

Question 57

transcytosis

Answer 57

transport of material across or through cell via sequential endocytosis followed by exocytosis