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Histology Exam 1 > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Leukocytes function

A

are mobile cells, Highly motile, use amoeboid movement, attracted via chemotaxis, function as active part of immune system in tissues

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2
Q

how do mobile cells leave circulation?

A

margination, pavementing, and diapedesis

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3
Q

pavementing

A

rolling and adhesion

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4
Q

diapedesis

A

extravasation

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5
Q

pseudopodia

A

WBC’s stick to endothelial cell surface, squeeze between endothelial cells of capillaries & venules

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6
Q

chemotaxis

A

how WBC attract to inflammatory sites via cytokines, which are any cell product that influences another cell like pheromone

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7
Q

how are WBC categorized

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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8
Q

All WBC possess what?

A

1’ granules, which contain lysosomal enzymes (ex. acid hydrolases)

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9
Q

what color do azurophilic granules stain

A

stain blue-purple

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10
Q

What do granulocytes possess?

A

specific granules, 2’ granules

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11
Q

2’ granules

A
  • absent in agranulocytes
  • contain lysozyme& alkaline phosphatases
  • Exhibit variable staining
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12
Q

types of granulocytes

A
  • basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

- All have single, multi-lobed nucleus & prominent cytoplasmic granules

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13
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Most common, Multi-lobed nucleus (3-5 lobes) = polymorphonuclear cells (PMN’s)
  • Short-lived; tissue lifespan several hrs—days
  • Few mitochondria—use 1’ anaerobic glycolysis
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14
Q

myeloperoxidase

A

1’ granules of neutrophils also contain unique antimicrobial

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15
Q

what do 2’ granules stain?

A

basophilic or eosinophilic, (“neutral”)

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16
Q

what do neutrophils contain?

A

Contain inflammatory mediators & complement activators; proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, & lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)

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17
Q

degranulation

A
  • how neutrophils release during inflammatory rxn

- Release of granule contents into ECS

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18
Q

Neutrophils possess small 3’ granules, which contain what?

A

gelatinase, which breaks down collagen

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19
Q

Neutrophils are assoicated with acute inflammation

A

generally last several days

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20
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation (4)

A

Rubor, tumor, calore, et dolore (redness, swelling, heat & pain)

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21
Q

what are neutrophils attracted to?

A

Attracted to bacteria & damaged tissue by chemotactic factors

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22
Q

What does the function 1’ in phagocytosis lead to?

A

formation of phagolysosome to digest bacteria

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23
Q

how are phagocytosis enhanced?

A

via opsonization—coating of bacteria with Ab & complement to enhance phagocytosis

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24
Q

respiratory burst

A

bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide & hypochlorous acid

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25
“Stab” cells
=bandcells—immature neutrophils
26
Barr body
inactive X chromosome in females
27
Basophils
- Least common of WBC’s - Bilobed nucleus - May or may not be circulating equivalent of mast cells in tissue - Characterized by large, basophilic specific granules
28
is mast cell lifespan uncertain?
yes
29
In basophils, what do specific granules contain?
- Hydrolytic enzymes, - Heparin sulfate - Chondroitin sulfate - Histamine - Leukotrienes
30
heparin sulfate
an anticoagulant
31
chondroitin sulfate
proteoglycan
32
Histamine
vasoactive amine => vasodilation & ↑vascular permeability
33
Leukotrienes
slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis(SRS) => smooth Mm contraction (asthma) eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)
34
what uses type I (immediate) hypersensitivity rxn's
Basophils; seen in asthma, hayfever, & some types of allergic dermatitis
35
If hypersensitivity rxn is severe, what occurs in basophils?
anaphylaxis (very rapid, severe immune rxn)
36
what counteract effects of basophils?
eosinophils
37
Eosinophils
- Bilobed nucleus - Remain in circulation before entering tissue - Tissue lifespan 8-12 days - Have surface receptors for IgE - Large eosinophilic specific granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
38
Large eosinophilic specific granules contain hydrolytic enzymes?? (4)
1. histaminase: neutralizes histamine 2. eosinophil peroxidase(EPO): special peroxidase 3. Lysosomal enzymes Major basic protein (neutralizes heparin, kills parasites)
39
what are eosinophils chemotactically attracted to?
basophils and mast cells via ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor)
40
Ameliorate & counteract hypersensitivity rxn’s & effects of histamine:
Release eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits basophil & mast cell degranulation)
41
Eosinophils Function
- antiparasitic function, especially against flukes (helminths) & affinity for Ag-Ab complexes - Parasites & Ag-Ab complexes destroyed by major basic protein & subsequent phagocytosis
42
2 types of agranulocytes
monocytes & lymphocytes
43
agranulocytes
single, unlobed nucleus, lack 2' (specific) granules, but have 1' azurophilic granules
44
Monocytes
- Largest WBC - Abundant, gray-blue/lavender cytoplasm; large indented (“kidney bean” shaped) nucleus - Lifespan in tissue several months
45
What happens to monocytes when they enter tissue?
Present in bloodstream 2-3 days, then extravasate, enter tissue, become macrophages (= histiocytes)
46
when monocytes turn into macrophages, they remained fixed in the same tissue. What are the fixed tissue locations?
- Kupfer cells in liver - microglial cells in CNS - Langerhans cells in skin - dust cells in lung - osteoclasts in bone
47
Macrophages
- highly mobile, phagocytic—contain abundant hydrolytic enzymes - Active in subacute to chronic infections, along with lymphocytes - Can fuse together to become (multinucleate) epithelioid giant cells in chronic granulomas - function as Ag-presenting cells in lymphoid organs
48
Lymphocytes
- Active in subacute to chronic infections - Have lifespan of days to years - Two size classes—small and large lymphocytes - Size classes do not correlate with cell types - Characterized by round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm - 1’ cell of immune system—recirculating, immunocompetent cells
49
what are 2 major types of lymphocytes?
b-cells (~4-10 %) & t-cells (~90 %)
50
B cells
- First recognized in Bursa of Fabricius of birds - In mammals, formed in bone marrow & become immunocompetent there - Function: in humorally mediated immmune response—produce Ab’s - Function: in anamnestic response of humoral immunity;Premise of vaccination to prevent disease - Ag-presenting cells
51
what happens to B cells after encountering Ag?
undergo multiple divisions to produce clone of Ab-producing plasma cells; Called amplification, or clonal expansion
52
what happens to B and T cells if they do not replicate?
remain as long-lived memory cells or effector cells
53
what surface markers and immunoglobulins are on B cells
HLA Type I | HLA = human leukocyte Ag—major histocompatability complex [MHC] molecules
54
T cells
* “Thymus-dependent” lymphocytes * Formed in bone marrow, but migrate to thymus to become immunocompetent * Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; have long lifespan * “cluster of differentiation” determinant molecules (CD molecules) on surface—->Recognize HLA receptors on surface of other cells (prevent “self”-destruction)
55
Paratopes
T-cells have receptors on cell surface like those present on Ab’s. Recognize foreign proteins of Ag’s (epitopes)
56
Types of T cells (3)
1. Cytotoxic 2. suppressor 3. helper lymphocytes
57
Cytotoxic, or killert-cells (Tc/Tk)
* 1’ effectors in cell-mediated immunity—tend to be large lymphocytes * Recognize cells with foreign surface Ag’s or receptors & kill them * Punch holes in plasma membranes
58
Helper t-cells (Th)
* Detect invaders, sound chemical alarm * Recognize Ag, usually presented by Macrophage or b-cell, then secrete lymphokines (cytokines)—act as pheromones, stimulate b-cells => Ab production, or Tk cells => kill
59
Suppressorcells (Ts)
•Suppress activity of b-cells, dampen immune response, especially to “self” molecules
60
Autoimmune diseases
loss of control of Ts cells
61
Null cells
-Lymphocytes which possess Fc receptors but lack specific cell surface markers of either b-or t-cells (null) -include natural killer cells possibly some pleuripotential stem cells
62
Null cells function
* Responsible for nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus-infected & tumor cells * Also function in Ab-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
63
Complete blood count (CBC)
total # of WBC's
64
differential cell count
relative % of WBCs
65
↑WBC’s
infection/ tumor
66
philia (neutrophilia), -osis (mononucleosis)
↑neutrophils—acute, bacteria ↑lymphocytes (& monocytes)—subacute, viral ↑ eosinophils—allergies, parasites
67
↓in WBC’s
immune suppression/ tumor | ex. -penia
68
-penia
* neutropenia—acute viral infection or severe sepsis | * thrombocytopenia—↓ platelets

Histology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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