Erythrocytes

Question 1

White pulp contains: ____________
Red pulp contains: ____________

Answer 1

Lymphoid tissues that contains lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

Cord of billroth that contains specialized macrophages for removal of senescent RBCs

Question 2

Primary regulator of eyrthropoiesis

Answer 2

Erythropoietin

Question 3

EPO is produced primarily by….

Answer 3

Peritubular cells of the kidney (80-90%)

Liver (10-15%)

Question 4

Primary source of EPO in fetus/unborn

Answer 4

Liver

Question 5

Basic substances needed for normal RBC and Hgb production

Answer 5

Amino acids (proteins)
Iron
Vit B12
Vit B 6
Trace elements cobalt and nickel

Question 6

Major stimulus of erythropoiesis

Answer 6

Hypoxia

Other stimulus:
Testosterone (direct), Estrogen, pituitary and thyroid hormones (indirect)

Question 7

Erythroid Progenitor cell that resembles a cluster of grapes

Answer 7

Burst Forming Unit - Erythroid (BFU -E)

Question 8

Value (range) of EPO level to maintain steady-state of erythropoiesis in adults

Answer 8

10 - 30IU/L

Question 9

RBC precursor that has a chromatin pattern that suggest a wheel with broad spokes

Answer 9

Prorubricyte
Basophilic normoblast
Basophilic eyrthroblast

Question 10

RBC precursor’s last stage capable of mitosis

Answer 10

Rubricyte
Polychromatophilic normoblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast

Question 11

First stage of Hgb synthesis in RBC maturation stage

Answer 11

Rubricyte
Polychromatophilic normoblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast

Question 12

Stage of RBC maturation where enucleation occurs

Answer 12

Metarubricyte
Orthochomic normoblast
Orthochromic erythroblast

Question 13

Define Suckling pig phenomenon

Answer 13

Macrophages provide iron directly to normoblast for Hgb synthesis

Question 14

The primary oxygen-sensing system of the body is located in ____

Answer 14

Peritubular fibroblasts of the kidney

Question 15

RBC membrane is impermeable to _______________ and permeable to ___________

Answer 15

Na, K, Ca

Water, bicarbonate (HCO3), Cl

Question 16

Factors that contribute to RBCs deformability

Answer 16

Geometry
Relative viscosity
Membrane elasticity

Question 17

Demonstration of relationship between blood pH and oxygen affinity to Hgb

Answer 17

Bohr effect

Question 18

RBC’s first stage of hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 18

Rubricyte

Question 19

RBC’s last stage of hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 19

Reticulocyte

Question 20

Heme synthesis occurs in the ____________

Globin synthesis occurs in the ______________

Answer 20

Mitochondria of normoblasts
Ribosome (controlled on Ch 16 for alpha, and Ch 11 for other chains)

Question 21

Responsible for the wine-red or portwine color of pophyric urine

Answer 21

Porphyrins

Question 22

Recommended test for lead poisoning

Answer 22

Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP)

Question 23

Disease of heme metabolism

Answer 23

Porphyria

abnormality in porphyrin biosynthesis leading to accumulation and excretion of porphyrins or their precursors by the billiary and or renal route

Question 24

Most abundant transition metal in the body

Answer 24

Iron

Question 25

Iron transport protein that takes up Ferrous iron from the intestinal lumen to enterocytes

Answer 25

Divalent mono/metal transporter 1 (DMT)

Question 26

Once absorbed (*enterocytes*), it is exported to the circulation by the ______________

Answer 26

Ferroportin (Fpn1) - iron transport protein

Question 27

In the plasma, _______ (Ferric, Ferous) iron binds to _________ which is delivered into cells by binding to transmembrane glycoprotein: ______________

Answer 27

Ferric Transferrin Transferrin receptors (TfR)

Question 28

Master regulatory hormone of systemic iron metabolism. It regulates the transport of iron from enterocyte into the circulation

Answer 28

Hepcidin

Question 29

Hepcidin deficiency causes: __________ Over expression of hepcidin causes:_________

Answer 29

Iron overload syndromes Microcytic anemia

Question 30

Reduces ingested/dietary iron into ferrous form before it can enter the enterocyte

Answer 30

Duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb)

Question 31

Oxidizes iron as it exits the enterocyte and transported to circulation

Answer 31

Hephaestin

Question 32

Major storage form of iron

Answer 32

Ferritin *acute phase reactant, water soluble*

Question 33

Second storage form of iron

Answer 33

Hemosiderin *water insoluble, form from degradation of ferritin, found in liver, spleen, BM*

Question 34

Hgb A1 globin chains

Answer 34

2 alpha + 2 beta

Question 35

Hgb F globin chains

Answer 35

2 alpha + 2 gamma

Question 36

Compensatory hemoglobin

Answer 36

Hgb F

Question 37

Oxyhemoglobin: Hgb with ____________ Deoxyhemoglobin: Hgb with ____________

Answer 37

Ferrous + O2 = Arterial (Relaxed) Ferrous w/o O2 = Venous (Tensed)

Question 38

INC HbCO will shift ODC to the _______

Answer 38

Left

Question 39

Brilliant cherry red color of blood indicates presence of _________

Answer 39

HbCO

Question 40

Causes chocolate discoloration of blood

Answer 40

Methemoglobin (Hemiglobin)

Question 41

Cyanosis and symptoms of hypoxia appear when _________

Answer 41

Methemoglobin (Hemiglobin) level is >30%

Question 42

Intravenous administration of __________ will reduce methemoglobin ferric to ferrous state

Answer 42

Methylene blue

Question 43

Mauve lavender blood color is caused by

Answer 43

Sulfhemoglobinemia

Question 44

Colorimetric (Direct/visual) method that uses Hcl to convert hemoglobin to brown colored acid hematin

Answer 44

Sahli’s method / Acid hematin