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Hematology 1 > Erythropoiesis > Flashcards

Erythropoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Total mass of RBCs circulating in the peripheral blood and the BM RBC precursors

A

Erythron

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2
Q

Refers to erythrocytes in the circulation only

A

RBC mass

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3
Q

Conditions that result to ineffective erythropoiesis

A
  1. Vitamin B12 deficiency
  2. Folate deficiency
  3. Thalassemia
  4. Sideroblastic anemia
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4
Q

Type of anemia in Vitamin B12 deficiency and Folate deficiency

A

Macrocytic, normochromic anemia

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5
Q

Type of anemia in thalassemia and sideroblastic anemia

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

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6
Q

Anemia in renal disease and acute leukemia

A

Normocytic, normochromic

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7
Q

Difference between progenitor cells and precursor cells

A

Precursor cells are morphologically identifiable but progenitor cells are not.
* both are immature hematopoietic cells

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8
Q

Earliest marker of erythroid differentiation

A

CD71 * Can also act as a transferrin receptor

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9
Q

Chief stimulator cytokines for RBCs

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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10
Q

Primary organ responsible for producing EPO

A

Kidney

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11
Q

Primary cell source of EPO

A

Peritubular interstitial cell of the kidneys

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12
Q

Primary target cells of EPO

A

BFU-E and CFU-E

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13
Q

Hormones that stimulates erythropoiesis directly

A

Growth hormone and Prolactin (both from Pituitary gland)

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14
Q

Hormones that stimulates erythropoiesis indirectly

A

Testosterone and Estrogen (From testes and ovaries respectively)

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15
Q

Reason of difference in the RBC count, Hgb, and Hct. of male and female

A

Hormones (Testosterone) * Testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis indirectly

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16
Q

Committed erythroid progenitor cells

A

BFU-E and CFU-E

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17
Q

Number of days for a BFU-E to mature to an erythrocyte

A

18-21 days

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18
Q

Give the Normoblast and Erythroblast nomenclature of rubriblast

A

Pronormoblast / Proerythroblast

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19
Q

Arrange the order of Erythropoiesis

A
  1. Rubriblast
  2. Prorubricyte
  3. Rubricyte
  4. Metarubricyte
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Mature Erythrocyte
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20
Q

N:C ratio of pronormoblast

A

8:1

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21
Q

Last stage of erythropoiesis with a nucleolus

A

Prorubricyte

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22
Q

First stage of hemoglobin synthesis

A

Prorubricyte / Basophilic normoblast

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23
Q

One pronormoblast can produce how many prorubricytes?

A

2

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24
Q

One prorubricyte can produce how many rubricytes?

A

4

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25
Stage of erythropoiesis commonly confused as a lymphocyte
Rubricyte (Polychromatic Normoblast)
26
Cytoplasmic color of rubricytes
Muddy gray
27
Differentiate lymphocytes and reticulocytes based on the ff. Characteristics: 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm
``` Lymphocytes 1. Nucleus: crushed velvet 2. Cytoplasm: Sky blue / Robin egg blue Rubricytes 1. Nucleus : checkerboard 2. Cytoplasm: muddy gray ``` = muddy gray due to the mixing of blue (basophilic) and pink (acidic) color
28
Last stage capable of mitosis
Rubricyte (Polychromatophilic Normoblast)
29
Rubricyte N:C ratio
4:1
30
Cytoplasmic color of orthrochromatic normoblast/ Metarubricyte
Salmon pink
31
Nuclear characteristic of orthochromatic normoblast
Pyknotic | --> 1st stage of NO mitotic division
32
Also known as nucleated RBC / acidophilic normoblast
Metarubricyte
33
Last erythropoietic stage with a nucleus
Metarubricyte Important difference: * last stage with a nucleolus- prorubricyte
34
Envelope extruded nucleus
Pyrenocyte | --> eaten by macrophage
35
Fragments of nucleus that may be left behind inside the RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
36
What makes up the Howell Jolly bodies?
Nuclear fragments from RBCs
37
Last precursor of the RBC
Reticulocyte
38
Last stage of hemoglobin synthesis
Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte)
39
Two types of reticulocytes
Shift cells and stress reticulocytes
40
Type of reticulocyte seen in cases of increased RBC production
Shift cells / polychromatic macrocytic cell
41
Number of erythrocytes produced from each single rubriblast
16
42
Central pallor contains _ of the cell’s diameter
1/3
43
Normal ratio of RBCs to WBCs
600:1
44
Normal ratio of RBCs to platelets
15:1
45
% of RBC membrane constituents
52% proteins 40% lipids 8% carbohydrates
46
Primary cytoskeletal proteins of RBC membrane
Alpha- spectrin and beta-spectrin
47
MCHC value of patients with hereditary spherocytosis
35-38 g/dL | * only disease characterized by high MCHC value
48
Confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis
EMA binding test (eosin-5’-maleimide)
49
Normal maturation time for reticulocytes in blood
1 day / 24 hrs
50
Production of reticulocytes / day
50 x 10^9/L/day
51
Measure of effective erythropoiesis
Reticulocyte count
52
Immature, non-nucleates RBC which contains >/= 2 blue-stained granulofilamentous materials (reticulum)
Reticulocytes
53
Stain that demonstrates a reticulocyte
Supravital stain * stains the reticulum
54
Normal reference range for retic count
0.5-1.5%
55
First sign of accelerated erythropoiesis
Reticulocytosis aka “Polychromatic / polychromatophilia”
56
Increase in reticulocyte count: | Decrease in reticulocyte count:
Increase: reticulocytosis Decrease: reticulocytopenia
57
Patients condition in reticulocytopenia
Aplastic anemia * BM not capable of producing RBCs
58
Supravital stain that is most preferred for staining reticulocytes
New methylene blue
59
Composition of new methylene blue (give the function as well)
1. Sodium oxalate - prevents coag. | 2. Sodium chloride - provides isotonicity
60
Name the 2 supravital stains utilized for the demonstration of reticulocytes
1. New methylene blue | 2. Brilliant cresyl blue
61
Supravital stain that provides inconsistent staining result but is considered as an alternative to new methylene blue
Brilliant cresyl blue
62
In the Miller disk method of reticulocyte ct, large square A is used for _
Large square A: counting Reticulocytes | * Small square B: counting RBCs
63
Minimum no. of RBCs to be counted in the small square B of the Miller disk
112
64
Indicative of G6PD deficiency
Heinz bodies
65
As the cell matures, it becomes more acidic/basic?
BASIC * * Nucleic acid - Acidic substance --> Basophilic * * Hemoglobin - Basic substance --> Acidophilic
66
The first stage of globin production
Pronormoblast
67
Start of detectable hemoglobin synthesis
Basophilic normoblast / Prorubricyte
68
The last stage capable of mitosis
Polychromatophilic Normoblast (Rubricyte)
69
Requirement for Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte
NO NUCLEUS | --> but still has Ribosomes
70
What produces the hemoglobin?
Mitochondria and Ribosomes
71
Difference of reticulocyte and basophilic stippling | Both has RNA component
Reticulocyte --> Supravital stain (cannot be detected by Wright's) Basphilic stippling / Punctate Basophilia --> Wright's stain --> means ABNORMAL RNA
72
RNA CANNOT be stained using
Wright's stain
73
Prominent reticulocytes in a blood film
Polychromasia
74
RBCs in circulation and bone marrow
Erythron
75
RBCs in circulation ONLY
RBC mass
76
An organ that senses the oxygen level in the blood
Kidneys - -> EPO - -> Burr cells
77
Effects of EPO
1. Early release of reticulocytes 2. Prevents apoptotic cell death 3. Reducing the time needed for cells to mature in BM
78
Testosterone DIRECTLY stimulates Erythropoiesis while ___ hormones INDIRECTLY affects Erythropoiesis
Thyroid and Pituitary Hormones INDIRECTLY
79
Reduced iron (without oxygen)
Ferrous (Fe2+) | --> Iron with oxygen --> Ferric (Fe3+)

Hematology 1 (13 decks)

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