Esophageal Pathology Flashcards
(23 cards)
what are the symptoms of GERD?
- a burning sensation in the chest, usually after eating and worsens at night or while lying down
- backwash of food or sour liquid in the throat
- upper belly or chest pain
- dysphagia
- ongoing cough
- new or worsening asthma
what tests are used to diagnose GERD?
- upper endoscopy, which may be used to subsequently collect a biopsy
- Ambulatory acid probe test
- esophagram
- esophageal manometry
- transnasal esophagoscopy
what methods of treatment are used to treat GERD?
- antacids
- histamine (H-2) blockers
- proton pump inhibitors
- deep-breathing training
- fundoplication
- LINX device
what are some causes of esophageal tears?
- Boerhaave’s syndrome
- Iatrogenic ruptures
- Nissen fundoplication
- Excessive strain during vomiting, weightlifting, seizure or childbirth
- Swallowing a foreign object or caustic chemical
- Blunt or penetrating injury to your esophagus
- Chronic acid reflux
- Sustained pressure from a tumour or foreign object
what are the symptoms of esophageal tears?
- chest pain
- dysphagia
- shortness of breath
- fast heart rate
- nausea
- vomiting blood
- low blood pressure
- fever
what complications can esophageal tears cause?
- pleurisy of the lining of the pleura
- pleural effusion
- mediastinal emphysema in the mediastinum
- inflammation leading to tissue death in the pleura or mediastinum
- septicemia
what tests are used to check for esophageal tears?
- esophagram
- CT scan
what methods of treatment are used to treat esophageal tears?
- IV fluids
- IV antibiotics and IV antifugals
- IV nutrition
- percutaneous fluid drainage
- endoscopic treatment
- video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
- open surgery
what are the main causes of esophageal cancer?
- tobacco use
- alcohol use
- obesity
- barett’s esophagus and chronic acid reflux
- HPV
- occupational exposure to dry cleaning solvents
what are the symptoms of esophageal cancer?
- difficulty swallowing
- pain in your throat, back, behind your breastbone or between your shoulder blades
- vomiting or coughing up blood
- heartburn
- hoarseness or chronic cough
- unintentional weight loss
what tests are used to diagnose esophageal cancer?
- esophagram
- CT scan
- esophagogastroduodenoscopy
- esophageal endoscopic ultrasound
- biopsy
what methods of treatment are used to treat esophageal cancer?
- esophagectomy
- radiation therapy
- chemotherapy
- endoscopic submucosal dissection
- endoscopic mucosal resection
- photodynamic therapy
- targeted therapy
- immunotherapy
what are the symptoms of barrett’s esophagus?
- frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents
- difficulty swallowing food
- chest pain
- vomiting red blood, or blood that looks like coffee grounds
- passing black, tarry or blood stools
- unintentionally losing weight
what tests are used to diagnose barrett’s esophagus?
- if columnar epithelial cells, found in the intestines, appear in the esophagus, a healthcare professional will diagnose barrett’s esophagus
- biopsy
what methods of treatments are used to treat barrett’s esophagus?
- proton pump inhibitors
- esophagectomy for high grade dysplasia
- ablation therapy
- endoscopic mucosal resection
what are the symptoms of esophageal varices?
- jaundice
- ascites
- edema
- upper abdominal pain
- itching with no visible rash
- confusion or disorientation
- vomiting blood
- black of fresh red blood in your stool
what are the causes of esophageal varices
- portal hypertension, most commonly caused from liver cirrhosis
- granulomas
- blood clots
- an enlarged spleen
- right-sided heart failure or constrictive pericarditis
what tests are carried out to diagnose esophageal varices?
- CT scan
- MRA
- Doppler ultrasound
- upper endoscopy
what methods of treatment are used to treat esophageal varices?
- IV fluids
- blood transfusion
- antibiotics
- proton pump inhibitors
- IV medications to reduce blood pressure
- variceal band ligation
- beta-blockers
- transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunt (TIPS)
- distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS)
what are the symptoms of esophageal motility disorders?
- chest pain that occurs after eating
- dysphagia
- heartburn
what are the causes of esophageal motility disorders?
- achalasia
- eosinophilic esophagitis
- esophageal spasm
- chagas’ disease
- esophageal sclerosis
what tests are carried out to diagnose esophageal motility disorders?
- esophagram
- endoFLIP
- upper endoscopy
what methods of treatment are used to treat esophageal motility disorders?
- medications to relax your esophageal muscles or reduce inflammation
- nonsurgical procedures like esophageal dilation
- minimally invasive surgeries like Hellen myotomy or peroral myotomy
