Stomach Pathology

Question 1

what are the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 1

1. indigestion
2. epigastric pain
3. focalised burning sensation in the abdominal area
4. bloated stomach
5. loss of appetite
6. nausea and vomiting

Question 2

what are some complications of peptic ulcer disease that result from the formation of a perforation in the GI tract

Answer 2

1. black or bloody stool
2. coffee ground vomitus
3. dizziness
4. pallor
5. rapid heart rate
6. fever and chills

Question 3

what are the main causes of peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 3

1. H. pylori infection
2. overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3. stomach cancer
4. chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Question 4

what are the tests that can be used to diagnose peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 4

1. upper endoscopy and stomach biopsy
2. CT scan
3. GI series X-ray exam
4. urea breath test
5. stool test

Question 5

what are some methods of treatment for peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 5

1. antibiotics
2. proton pump inhibitors
3. cytoprotective agents
4. histamine receptor (H-2) blockers
5. NSAID alternatives
6. endoscopic treatments
7. suctioning of stomach
8. surgery

Question 6

what are some common symptoms of gastric cancer?

Answer 6

1. loss of appetite
2. dysphagia
3. fatigue and nausea
4. unexplained weight loss
5. heartburn
6. indigestion
7. stomach pain, often above the belly button
8. feeling full even after eating a small meal or snack
9. black and bloody stool
10. vomiting blood

Question 7

what are some causes of gastric cancer?

Answer 7

1. dysplasia
2. H. pylori infection
3. GERD
4. gastritis
5. epstein-barr virus infection
6. history of stomach ulcers
7. occupational exposure to coal, metal and rubber
8. autoimmune atrophic gastritis

Question 8

what are some methods to diagnose gastric cancer

Answer 8

1. upper endoscopy and stomach biopsy
2. endoscopic ultrasound
3. CT scan
4. MRI
5. blood tests
6. laparoscopy

Question 9

what are some methods of treatment for gastric cancer?

Answer 9

1. upper endoscopy
2. gastrectomy
3. chemotherapy
4. radiation therapy
5. targeted drug therapy
6. immunotherapy

Question 10

what are the 4 types of hiatal hernia?

Answer 10

1. type 1 hiatal hernia is where the lower esophageal sphincter slides up through the widened hiatus at times and then slides back down
2. type 2 hiatal hernia is where the upper part of your stomach pushes up through the hiatus alongside the esophagus
3. type 3 hiatal hernia is where the lower esophageal sphincter AND another part of the stomach bulges through the hiatus
4. type 4 hiatal hernia is where the hiatus is wide enough for two different organs to herniate through it, usually involving the stomach and another abdominal organ

Question 11

what are some symptoms of a hiatal hernia?

Answer 11

1. heartburn
2. non-cardiac chest pain
3. indigestion
4. regurgitation
5. dysphagia
6. sore throat and hoarseness
7. nausea
8. shortness of breath
9. pressure or pain in the upper abdomen or lower chest

Question 12

what are some causes of a hiatal hernia?

Answer 12

1. chronic coughing or sneezing
2. constipation
3. frequent vomiting
4. intense exercise or heavy lifting
5. pregnancy and childbirth

Question 13

what are some complications of a hiatal hernia?

Answer 13

1. chronic acid reflux
2. esophagitis
3. esophageal stricture
4. barrett’s esophagus
5. GI obstruction
6. gastritis
7. ischemia

Question 14

what are some methods that can be used to diagnose a hiatal hernia?

Answer 14

1. esophageal pH test
2. esophagram
3. chest X-ray
4. upper endoscopy
5. esophageal manometry

Question 15

what are some medical treatments for a hiatal hernia?

Answer 15

1. antacids
2. proton pump inhibitors
3. hernia rapid surgery