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Enviornmental Science > ESS grade 10 test 2 > Flashcards

ESS grade 10 test 2 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

all the individuals of a species that live together in an area

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2
Q

demography

A

the statistical study of populations allows predictions to be made about how a population will change

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3
Q

three key features of a population

A

size
density
dispersion

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4
Q

size

A

number of individuals in an area

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5
Q

density

A

measurement of the population per unit area/volume

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6
Q

density equation

A

number of individuals / unit of space

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7
Q

types of dispersion

A
  • clumped = schools of fish, herds, flocks of birds
  • random = weeds, spread out, no order
  • uniform = rows of corn, vineyards (usually only with human involvement)
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8
Q

Other key features of a population

A

growth rate
- birth rate (natality) - death rate (mortality) = natural growth rate
- + natality + immigration - mortality - emigration = actual growth rate

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9
Q

How is density affected

A
  • immigration
  • emigration
  • density dependent factors
  • density independent factors
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10
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into a population

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11
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population

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12
Q

density dependent factors

A

biotic factors in the enviornment that have an increasing effect as the population size increases (disease, parasites, competition)

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13
Q

density independent factors

A

abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density (temperature, weather)

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14
Q

how is population size measured

A
  • population density
  • size (count all individuals in a population)
  • estimate by sampling
  • mark - recapture method
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15
Q

explain estimate by sampling

A

lincoln index
- find a group of species year one and tag them
- in year two collect another group randomly
- in year two group, the group will have some from year one and some new ones
- use the math formula to estimate the change in population

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16
Q

explain mark recapture method

A

mark an animal and follow it for a while

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17
Q

carrying capacity + the other name for it

A

the max population size that can be supported by the available resources. there can only be as many organisms as the environment’s resources can support
- called the booms and busts

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18
Q

exponential vs logistic growth

A

exponential (up curve)
logistical (up and then curves off)

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19
Q

factors limiting growth rate (declining growth rate or increasing death rate)

A

limited food supple
buildup of toxic wastes
increased disease
predators

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20
Q

bioaccumulation

Study These Flashcards
A

the more tainted food an organism eats, the more the toxic substance accumulates in the body. causes infertility
for example, mercury

21
Q

biomagnification

Study These Flashcards
A

amount of toxic substances builds up with the food chain.
ship = 1
fish eats 3 shrimp
fish = 3
big fish eats 3 fish
big fish = 9
etc

22
Q

r strategists

Study These Flashcards
A

focus on reproducing
- short lifespan
- small body size
- reproduces quickly
- many offspring
- little to no parental care
- ex mosquitos, flys, weeds, bacteria, cockroaches

23
Q

k strategists

Study These Flashcards
A

focus on maintaining the carrying capacity (not reproducing)
- long life span
- large body size
- reproduces slowly (gestation period)
- have few offspring
- provides parental care
- ex humans, elephants, cows, etc

24
Q

neither k nor r strategists

Study These Flashcards
A

some species are neither or a bit of both
- dogs
- cats
- birds
- squirrels

25
reproductive strategy organisms on survivorship graphs
time on the x percentage of organisms alive on the y - r = L shape - k = upside down L shape - neither = in the middle
26
population pyramids
- shows when events occur in time which affect population size - shows where countries need to improve in elderly care, natality rates - shows the age range of the population
27
biodiversity
measure of how different species live in an ecosystem
28
high vs low biodiversity in ecosystems
high - many different species of organism low - not many different species of organism
29
ecosystem stability
the higher the biodiversity, the more stable the ecosystem will be
30
how will a species going extinct affect an ecosystem with high biodiversity
it wont make much of a difference since there are still other options for organisms to feed on
31
how will a species going extinct affect an ecosystem with low biodiversity
one small change will cause several organisms to go without food
32
what organisms are more likely to go extinct
organisms with specialized habit or diet ex pandas, koalas
33
invasive species
non native species in an ecosystem that reproduce quickly and have no/few natural predators - they decrease biodiversity by taking over food sources, space, causing competition and pushing out native species
34
ex of invasive species
zebra mussels, kudzu plant, brown tree snake, wild hogs/boars
35
survivorship curve
graph which shows when a population is most likely to die
36
what do all types of growth start out as
exponential growth
37
total fertility rate
average number of children a female has in her lifetime
38
biotic potential
max ability to produce offspring
39
estimate of humans carrying capacity
10-15 billion
40
ecological footprint
how many resources a human requires to live
41
life history
a record of all events in an organisms life including growth, development reproduction, and survival
42
will a population level off the same year it reaches zero population growth
no, because the parents live on for years, meanwhile their children are having children and so on
43
Limiting factors + examples
factors that limit (slows or stops) a population from growing further. ex. food, water, space, disease, mates, natural disasters, predation
44
mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitism, competition
mutualism - both benefit commensalism - one benefits, one doesnt care predation - one benefits the other doesnt parasitism - parasite benefits, host doesnt competition - neither benefits
45
negative feedback loop
when a process occurs which allows conditions to stay the same
46
delayed density dependance
predator prey relationship - prey increases - this causes predators to decrease due to abundance of food - abundance of predators cause the prey to die out - lack of prey causes predators to starve and they die out - lack of predators causes prey to grow etc, etc
47
conclusion
- Calculate differences before-and-after? - Calculate means? - How will you indicate how the dependent variable was affected as you changed the independent variable? - What kind of graph will you make? - How will you interpret the graph? - A re-statement of your Research question. - A re-statement of your Hypothesis. - A verbal description/summary of your experimental results. - Did your results support your hypothesis? Or not? - A scientific explanation of the reasons for the outcome of the experiment. - A statement regarding how reliable you think your results are, given the measurement uncertainties and other potential difficulties in interpreting.
48
historical events that impacted population
industrial revolution (1760-1840) - up world wars - down (nazi germany up due to hitler baby policy) soldiers returning from war - up vaccine invented (1800)
49
industrial revolution
Increased food supply, improved sanitation, and advancements in medical knowledge led to lower mortality, especially infant mortality. Simultaneously, birth rates remained high, resulting in a population surge

Enviornmental Science (3 decks)

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