Essay

Question 1

Duncan and Magnuson (2012)

Answer 1

SES refers to one’s access to economic and social resources, and the social positioning, prestige and privileges that derive from these resources

Question 2

Jordan et al (1994)

Answer 2

Children from low-SES families begin school with less maths knowledge than higher-SES children

Question 3

Duncan et al (2007)

Answer 3

Low-SES children have less number exposure early in life

Explains Jordan et al (1994) as maths is incremental

Question 4

Starkey and Klein (2008)

Answer 4

At age 3, children in US, China and Japan had SES-related gap in maths knowledge

Question 5

Rathbum and West (2004)

Answer 5

Over the first 4 years of primary school this gap widens

Question 6

Earls (1980)

Answer 6

At 3 years old, behavioural problems were not related to SES

Question 7

Swartz and Williamson (2017)

Answer 7

Low-SES in adolescence was related to biological mechanisms which moderate the association between family history of depression and later manifestation of depressive symptoms

Question 8

McLoyd (1997)

Answer 8

Low-SES has been found to be associated with delinquent behaviour, depression and poor adaptive functioning

Question 9

Twenge and Nolen-Hoeksema (2002)

Answer 9

Meta-analysis found that there were no socioeconomic differences in depression scores in males and females

Question 10

Willingham (2012)

Answer 10

Stress model states that long-term stress can have negative biological consequences for the child and make parenting less effective

Question 11

Stark et al (2006)

Answer 11

Cortisol has been shown to affect brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex

Question 12

Evans (2015)

Answer 12

Prefrontal cortex underpins executive function and has been shown to be the most important area in the acquisition of maths skills

Question 13

Evans and Kim (2010)

Answer 13

Longer exposure to stressful conditions, the more their stress systems were affected, specifically a higher basal cortisol level and therefore muted responses to normal stressors

Question 14

Blair et al (2011)

Answer 14

Positive parenting was reduced in low-SES households, inversely related to cortisol levels

Question 15

Fisher et al (2006)

Answer 15

Sensitive responses to distress caused HPA activity to reduce (reducing cortisol levels) over 9 months

Question 16

Evans (2004)

Answer 16

Lower SES children are read to less often, watch more TV and attend lower quality day care

Question 17

Crosnoe et al (2010)

Answer 17

Higher SES parents were more likely to buy materials for their children that target academic skills, and the prevalence of these predicted early maths scores

Question 18

Starkey et al (1999)

Answer 18

Mid-SES parents have a wider range of maths related activities for their 4-year olds to play with, and these were more frequently played with than in low-SES households

Question 19

Blevins-Knabe & Musun-Miller (1996)

Answer 19

Frequency of maths related engagement at home in last week correlated with maths skills

Question 20

SES refers to one’s access to economic and social resources, and the social positioning, prestige and privileges that derive from these resources

Answer 20

Duncan and Magnuson (2012)

Question 21

Children from low-SES families begin school with less maths knowledge than higher-SES children

Answer 21

Jordan et al (1994)

Question 22

Low-SES children have less number exposure early in life

Explains Jordan et al (1994) as maths is incremental

Answer 22

Duncan et al (2007)

Question 23

At age 3, children in US, China and Japan had SES-related gap in maths knowledge

Answer 23

Starkey and Klein (2008)

Question 24

Over the first 4 years of primary school this gap widens

Answer 24

Rathbum and West (2004)

Question 25

At 3 years old, behavioural problems were not related to SES

Answer 25

Earls (1980)

Question 26

Low-SES in adolescence was related to biological mechanisms which moderate the association between family history of depression and later manifestation of depressive symptoms

Answer 26

Swartz and Williamson (2017)

Question 27

Low-SES has been found to be associated with delinquent behaviour, depression and poor adaptive functioning

Answer 27

McLoyd (1997)

Question 28

Meta-analysis found that there were no socioeconomic differences in depression scores in males and females

Answer 28

Twenge and Nolen-Hoeksema (2002)

Question 29

Stress model states that long-term stress can have negative biological consequences for the child and make parenting less effective

Answer 29

Willingham (2012)

Question 30

Cortisol has been shown to affect brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

Stark et al (2006)

Question 31

Prefrontal cortex underpins executive function and has been shown to be the most important area in the acquisition of maths skills

Answer 31

Evans (2015)

Question 32

Longer exposure to stressful conditions, the more their stress systems were affected, specifically a higher basal cortisol level and therefore muted responses to normal stressors

Answer 32

Evans and Kim (2010)

Question 33

Positive parenting was reduced in low-SES households, inversely related to cortisol levels

Answer 33

Blair et al (2011)

Question 34

Sensitive responses to distress caused HPA activity to reduce (reducing cortisol levels) over 9 months

Answer 34

Fisher et al (2006)

Question 35

Lower SES children are read to less often, watch more TV and attend lower quality day care

Answer 35

Evans (2004)

Question 36

Higher SES parents were more likely to buy materials for their children that target academic skills, and the prevalence of these predicted early maths scores

Answer 36

Crosnoe et al (2010)

Question 37

Mid-SES parents have a wider range of maths related activities for their 4-year olds to play with, and these were more frequently played with than in low-SES households

Answer 37

Starkey et al (1999)

Question 38

Frequency of maths related engagement at home in last week correlated with maths skills

Answer 38

Blevins-Knabe & Musun-Miller (1996)