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Developmental Psychology > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Ontogenetic development

A

The development of an individual over their lifetime

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2
Q

Microgenetic development

A

Changes that occur over very brief periods of time

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3
Q

Phylogenetic development

A

Changes over evolutionary time (thousands or millions of year)

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4
Q

Prenatal stage

A

Conception to birth

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5
Q

Infancy

A

Birth to 2 years

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6
Q

Preschool

A

2 - 4 years

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7
Q

Childhood

A

5 - 12 years

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8
Q

Adolescence

A

12 - 18 years

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9
Q

Young adulthood

A

18 - 40 years

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10
Q

Middle adulthood

A

40 - 65 years

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11
Q

Late adulthood

A

65 + years

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12
Q

Preformationism

A

The popular belief (until the 17th century) that miniature people lived in sperm and started to grow when the sperm met the egg

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13
Q

Epigenesis

A

The term describing what we now know which is that new organs and structures develop through a series of stages throughout prenatal development

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14
Q

Germinal stage

A

Conception to two weeks
Zygote doubles its cells twice a day
At about 2 weeks, the zygote attaches to the uterus wall and the cells become an embryo

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15
Q

What is a fertilised egg called?

A

A zygote

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16
Q

Embryo stage

A

2 - 8 weeks
Period of rapid growth
Key organs and structures develop

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17
Q

Foetus stage

A

9 weeks - birth

Growth and development of organs

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18
Q

Fewer than ____ of zygotes survive

A

Half

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19
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of a chromosome

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20
Q

What is a chromosome?

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A

Molecules of DNA that hold the genetic instructions for every cell in our body

21
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal human cell have?

22
Q

Which pair of chromosomes determines sex?

23
Q

Female sex chromosome

24
Q

Male sex chromosome

25
Why are more males conceived than females?
Sperm that carry the Y chromosome are lighter and swim faster than those carrying two X chromosomes
26
Why are males more vulnerable prenatally?
They are more susceptible to stress and more likely to be miscarried or have birth complications As they only have one X, if there is a defective gene, they don't have a functioning copy to balance this out
27
Monozygotic (identical) twins
The growing cluster of cells breaks apart early resulting in two identical clusters
28
Dizygotic (non-identical) twins
When two eggs are fertilised at the same time
29
Where does the zygote attach?
To the uterine wall
30
What does the inner cell mass become?
The embryo
31
What does the outer cell mass become?
Amniotic sac and placenta
32
What is the amniotic sac?
A membrane filled with a clear fluid which provides an even temperature and cushioning
33
What does the placenta do?
Permits the exchange of materials from the mother to the embryo/foetus via the bloodstream through blood vessels that make up the umbilical cord
34
Three layers of the inner cell mass, from top to bottom
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
35
Ectoderm
Becomes the nervous system, nails, teeth, inner ear, lens of the eye, and skin
36
Mesoderm
Becomes muscles, bone, circulatory system, inner layers of the skin and internal organs
37
Endoderm
Becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands
38
What does the neural tube become?
Brain and the spinal cord (central nervous system)
39
Which areas develop first in the foetal period?
Areas near the head
40
During the last 5 months, what develops more rapidly?
The lower parts of the body | Foetuses movements
41
What causes male genitalia to develop?
Presence of androgens (hormones which include testosterone)
42
What influences prenatal development?
Zygotes genetic code | The environment
43
What is a teratogen?
Environmental agents (drugs) Diseases (e.g. measles) Physical conditions (malnutrition) Can affect the growing embryo/foetus
44
What affects the effects of teratogens?
Timings (may only cause damage if exposed at a specific time of development) Dose-response relationship
45
What is the dose-response relationship?
The greater the exposure, the more likely the damage
46
Alcohol on prenatal development
Can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome
47
Characteristics of foetal alcohol syndrome
Facial defects Hyperactivity Behavioural problems
48
What is the most common teratogen?
Alcohol

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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