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APBI 312 > Establishment of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Establishment of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

first 10 days of embryo development stages (4)

A
  • one cell to sixteen cell
  • morula
  • blastocyst
  • hatching blastocyst
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2
Q

in what stages is the embryo in the oviduct (2)

A
  • day 0-5
  • one cell to eight cell
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3
Q

morula

A
  • 32 cell embryo
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4
Q

early blastocyst (2)

A
  • when differentiation of cells begins
  • space begins to form within the embryo, making it a hollow ball of cells
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5
Q

expanded blastocyst

A
  • differentiation of inner cell mass and trophectoderm
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6
Q

inner cell mass

A
  • turns into embryo, and then fetus
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7
Q

trophectoderm

A
  • turns into placenta
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8
Q

hatching blastocyst

A
  • hatching/breaking of zona pellucida before elongation
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9
Q

when does the embryo enter the uterus

A
  • 3-5 days after ovulation
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10
Q

plasminogen activator (2)

A
  • invasive growth of trophoblast
  • production of certain molecules that allows trophectoderm to invade caruncles of uterus for placental attachment
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11
Q

protease inhibitors

A
  • prevents excessive invasion of trophectoderm into caruncles
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12
Q

estrogen production by swine embryo (2)

A
  • estrone sulphate to block PG and prevent CL death
  • maternal recognition of pregnancy
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13
Q

why is prostaglandin still produced during pregnancy (2)

A
  • small amounts produced by conceptus for placentation to occur
  • local action; nothing to do with luteolysis
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14
Q

elongation stages (3)

A
  • spherical
  • oblong/tubular/ovoid
  • filamentous
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15
Q

filamentous stage of elongation in cattle

A
  • conceptus will gradually occupy entire gravid horn and extend into the other horn as well
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16
Q

what contact is required to block PG

A
  • strong and close physical paracrine connection between conceptus and uterus
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17
Q

menstruation (3)

A
  • necrosis: epithelium collapses and is sloughed off
  • collapse and kinking of arteries
  • open ends of blood vessels exposed, leading to hemorrhages
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18
Q

what does estrogen promote in primates (2)

A
  • proliferation and hypertrophy of endometrium
  • hypertrophy of myometrium
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19
Q

hypertrophy in myometrium during menstruation (3)

A
  • glandular development
  • edema (fluid in uterus space)
  • hyperemia (increased blood flow)
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20
Q

metestrus bleeding (3)

A
  • occurs in cows
  • intensive endometrial stimulation during proestrus from uterus
  • sudden drop in estrogen after ovulation results in vasodilation, fragility of vascular system, and diapedesis
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21
Q

proestrus bleeding (3)

A
  • occurs in dogs
  • estrus and breeding after the bleeding
  • vaginal canal origin
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22
Q

how does progesterone aid in pregnancy (2)

A
  • maintenance of uterine glands
  • increased blood supply
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23
Q

if fertilization does not occur, what happens in primates (3)

A
  • luteolysis
  • drop in progesterone
  • initiation of menstruation
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24
Q

how long does it take for vascular supply to regenerate after menstruation

A
  • 4-5 days
25
Q

implantation steps (3)

A
  1. intimate contact
  2. apposition
  3. cellular invasion and interaction
26
Q

implantation step: intimate contact (2)

A
  • paracrine functions
  • maternal recognition of pregnancy
27
Q

implantation step: apposition (2)

A
  • certain order in layers of tissue
  • integrin receptors on endometrium attach to integrin on conceptus
28
Q

implantation step: cellular invasion and interaction (4)

A
  • beyond intimate contact; fetal cells carve into endometrium
  • form into a single tissue
  • nutrient and gas exchange
  • new vascularization
29
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy

A
  • initiated by conceptus; conceptus produces something that will rescue the CL
30
Q

what is maternal recognition of pregnancy for? (3)

A
  • corpus luteum maintenance
  • continue endometrial development
  • secretory activity
31
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy: timing (3)

A
  • very important
  • narrow window to block luteolytic signals
  • conceptus must be big enough to create blockage before prostaglandin synthesis kills CL and pregnancy is lost
32
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy: swine

A
  • conceptus produces estrone sulfate
33
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy: ruminants

A
  • conceptus produces interferon-tau
34
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy: horse

A
  • conceptus produces several molecules and eCG
35
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy: human

A
  • conceptus produces several molecules and hCG
36
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy: commonalities between all species (2)

A
  • maintenance of corpus luteum function and to maintain high levels of P4
  • block the effects of PG
37
Q

prostaglandin synthesis (3)

A
  • COX I and II enzymes
  • prostaglandin synthase
  • involves progesterone, estrogen, and oxytocin receptors in the endometrium
38
Q

how does interferon-tau block PG synthesis

A
  • blocks COX and oxytocin receptor gene/protein expression
39
Q

why is the position of the conceptus around the maternal recognition of pregnancy important (3)

A
  • conceptus must physically occupy spaces to block PG
  • implantation must occur to nourish embryo
  • to keep uterus “quiet” so gestation can continue
40
Q

why is immunology important to pregnancy (2)

A
  • 1/2 of genetic material is NOT from the mother
  • very easy for mother’s immune system to consider conceptus as non-self
41
Q

immune response in the reproductive tract (3)

A
  • similar to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
  • link to exterior environment
  • sterile/clean environment necessary for proper function
42
Q

tools of the immune response in the reproductive tract (4)

A
  • physical barriers (cervix, mucus, pH)
  • phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
  • B lymphocytes (antibodies)
  • T lymphocytes
43
Q

innate immune response (3)

A
  • macrophages, neutrophils, and natural-killer cells
  • foreign bodies, antibody coat, complement
  • absence of MHC class I
43
Q

innate immune response (3)

A
  • macrophages, neutrophils, and natural-killer cells
  • foreign bodies, antibody coat, complement
  • absence of MHC class I
44
Q

why is lack of MHC class I important in the reproductive tract innate immune system (2)

A
  • important for trophectoderm to identify self from non-self
  • lack of MHC class I limits conceptus recognition/exposure to immune system
45
Q

acquired immune system (4)

A
  • B and T lymphocytes
  • immunoglobulin receptor of T cell receptor
  • cell mediated and humoral response
  • memory
46
Q

regulation of immune system

A
  • ovarian steroid hormones
  • regulatory molecules in seminal plasma
  • autocrine and paracrine factors from the uterus and conceptus
47
Q

regulation of immune system: ovarian steroid hormones (2)

A
  • estradiol stimulate vasodilation, easier migration of cells, more immune cells present, and inflammation
  • progesterone stimulates vasoconstriction, inhibits cell migration, fewer immune cells present, and is anti-inflammatory
48
Q

regulation of immune system: regulatory molecules in seminal plasma (3)

A
  • sperm antigenicity
  • neutrophil mediated
  • memory usually does not occur, but if it does then it is likely associated with infertility
49
Q

regulation of immune system: autocrine and paracrine factors (2)

A
  • maintenance of conceptus
  • must cause anti-inflammatory state
50
Q

which steroid hormone is more ideal during pregnancy (2)

A
  • progesterone
  • anti-inflammatory effects and slightly imunno-deficient uterus
51
Q

why are pregnancy mediated immune responses necessary (2)

A
  • risk of immune rejection as 1/2 of the conceptus is made up of foreign proteins
  • mechanisms must be present to prevent destruction of the fetus
52
Q

how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses (2)

A
  • suppression/attenuation of immune response
  • conceptus and maternal factors contribute to this attenuation
  • regulation of MHC antigens on trophoblast
  • immunosuppression
53
Q

how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: conceptus

A
  • cell to cell interactions between conceptus and caruncles can result in rejection
  • most exterior trophectoderm cells lack MHC I receptors so that it can’t be identified and trigger rejection
54
Q

how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: maternal factors

A
  • increased progesterone levels
55
Q

how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: regulation of MHC antigens on trophoblast (2)

A
  • MHC class I presented by most cells
  • turned off in the outer layers of the trophoblast (contact with endometrium epithelium)
56
Q

how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: immunosuppression (3)

A
  • increased progesterone for vasoconstriction
  • TGF-beta, PGE, and interferon-tau immuno-modulate and attenuate immunity
  • reduction in lymphocyte numbers
57
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines (3)

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • TNF-alpha
58
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokines (3)

A
  • IL-4
  • IL-10
  • TGF-beta

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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