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APBI 312 > Pregnancy and Parturition > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Parturition Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

parturition

A
  • the act of giving birth
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2
Q

factors affecting length of gestation (6)

A
  • maternal factors
  • fetal factors
  • genetic factors
  • environmental
  • physical space
  • stress
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3
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: maternal factors (3)

A
  • age of the dam affects size of the dam
  • younger mothers are generally smaller and will have lower gestational lengths
  • related to physical space
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4
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: fetal factors (4)

A
  • if twins, there is less physical space and gestational length will be lowered
  • sex of fetus can affect birth weights/size
  • pituitary and adrenal function are related to maturity of fetus
  • related to physical size
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5
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: genetic factors (2)

A
  • breed; smaller breeds have lowered gestational lengths
  • fetal genotype
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6
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: environmental (3)

A
  • nutrition
  • season
  • related to stress
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7
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: size (2)

A
  • larger conceptus space results in less physical space
  • less physical space results in lower gestational lengths
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8
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: stress

A
  • increased stress reduces gestational lengths
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9
Q

length of gestation: larger species

A
  • 9-11 months
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10
Q

length of gestation: smaller species

A
  • 3-4 months
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11
Q

length of gestation: species

A
  • generally, smaller species have lower gestational periods due to decreased volume
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12
Q

reproductive organ changes: vagina (2)

A
  • edema
  • mucus
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13
Q

reproductive organ changes: cervix (2)

A
  • dilation and viscous mucus plug stimulated by increased P4
  • closes lumen of cervix off and must be tight to protect fetus from external vaginal canal
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14
Q

reproductive organ changes: uterus (3)

A
  • several fold increase in size to accommodate growing fetus and gestational fluids
  • progesterone induces muscle relaxation and elasticity
  • no contractions to protect fetus
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15
Q

reproductive organ changes: ovary (4)

A
  • cessation of estrus cycle
  • follicular waves may still occur, but progesterone ensures no ovulation occurs
  • size and form of ovary remains unchanged
  • exception: mare, which does not retain CL
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16
Q

reproductive organ changes: pelvic (3)

A
  • relaxation (relaxin)
  • accommodate uterus growing and shifting of other internal organs
  • allow for parturition to occur
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17
Q

hormones of pregnancy: progesterone (3)

A
  • corpus luteum and placenta
  • activation of endometrial glands in uterus
  • muscle relaxation
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18
Q

corpus luteum persistence (2)

A
  • CL persists throughout pregnancy, except in the horse
  • some species are only CL dependent or can be CL and placenta dependent
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19
Q

hormones of pregnancy: estrogens (3)

A
  • increases slightly with gestation and peaks at parturition
  • E2 from ovaries decreases, but E2 from placenta increases
  • important for lactation, placenta production, and uterus prep for parturition
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20
Q

hormones of pregnancy: equine chonionic gonadotropin (eCG) (2)

A
  • specific to mares
  • luteinizes follicles and maintains secondary CL
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21
Q

hormones of pregnancy: metabolic hormones (3)

A
  • insulin-like growth factor I
  • body composition and feed intake
  • related to stress, nutrition
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22
Q

placenta (3)

A
  • temporary fusion of fetal membranes and mother’s tissue
  • differs from other organs because of its structure
  • various degrees of fetal-maternal interaction (tissue invasiveness)
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23
Q

placenta function (3)

A
  • nutrient delivery
  • gas exchange
  • hormone synthesis
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24
Q

placentome (2)

A
  • functional unit of the placenta
  • made up of the maternal caruncle and the fetal cotyledon
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25
fetal cotyledon (2)
- chorionic villi - comes from chorionic membrane and has villi-like projections
26
placenta: caruncle - barriers to gas exchange (4)
- endothelium of the maternal blood vessel - connective tissue of the uterine mucosa - uterine epithelium - varies depending on classification
27
placenta: cotyledon - barriers to gas exchange (4)
- epithelium of chorion - connective tissue of fetal membrane - endothelium of blood vessel of allanto-chorion - remains consistent regardless of classification; need to invade all 3 layers
28
how does gas exchange occur through the placenta
- diffusion
29
placental development (2)
- fetal membranes develop from trophectoderm - chorion-allantoic placentation is the most common in farm animals
30
fetal membranes (3)
- amnion: most internal sac that surround fetus - allantois: usually fuses with chorion membrane - chorion: most external membrane with lowered MHC I expression
31
chorionic villi (2)
- increases area of interaction - penetrate into the maternal endometrium
32
placental classification: caruncles (3)
- convex - concave - microcotyledonary (not as visible and very spread out)
33
placental classification: macroscopic types (3)
- diffused - cotyledonary - zonary - discoid
34
placental classification: microscopic (2)
- different classifications depend on structures in contact - blood vessel, connective tissue, and epithelium contact
35
what effects does microscopic placental classification have (2)
- affect amount of blood loss during parturition as some types are easier to split than others - affect ability of larger molecules, like Ig, to transfer
36
placental classification: microscopic types (4)
- epitheliochorial - synepitheliochorial (special type of epitheliochorial) - endotheliochorial - hemochorial
37
what microscopic placental classification transfers large molecules easiest
- hemochorial
38
what microscopic placental classification transfer large molecules with most difficulty
- epitheliochorial
39
what microscopic placental classification loses most blood during parturition
- hemochorial
40
what microscopic placental classification loses the least blood during parturition
- epitheliochorial
41
placental circulation (4)
- fetal and maternal blood are never in direct contact - uterine arteries and veins supply the placenta - umbilical veins return blood from the placenta to the fetus - countercurrent, concurrent, or crosscurrent flows
42
where does exchange actually take place
- in the placentomes
43
placental transport of nutrients (2)
- different nutrients and gases are transported across the placentome using different methods - diffusion, active transport, facilitated transport, etc
44
how is water transported across the placenta (2)
- intracellular (aquaporins) - transcellular (through cells)
45
how are water soluble molecules transported across the placenta
- facilitated passive and active transport
46
fetal physiology periods (3)
- early embryonic period - embryonic period - fetal period
47
early embryonic period (2)
- 0-12 days - before organogenesis
48
embryonic period (2)
- 12-60 days - before organogenesis
49
fetal period (2)
- 60 days to term - after organogenesis
50
in what periods are losses more common (2)
- early embryonic period and embryonic period - baby is undergoing HUGE transformation which can lead to complications
51
early embryo: fetal nutrition and metabolism (3)
- endometrial glands products nourish embryo - produce "uterine milk" - no direct transfer of nutrients through vascular system
52
fetus: nutrition (2)
- placenta - CHO, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals
53
fetus: nutrition towards end of pregnancy (2)
- fetus accumulates glycogen in the liver and muscles - stops growing longer and accumulates fat to survive days after parturition
54
fetus: nutrition for ruminants (3)
- acetate - lactate - amino acids
55
fetal growth (2)
- changes in size, weight, and shape - relative growth is faster earlier, but absolute growth is maximum in late gestation
56
fetal growth: genetic factors (3)
- breed - maternal contribution - size of sire (male) influence after birth
57
fetal growth: environmental factors (2)
- size of dam, age of dam, nutrition of dam - placental size, litter size, and climatic stress
58
fetal growth: hormones and factors (4)
- growth hormone - insulin - insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 - thyroid hormones
59
thyroid hormones
- skeletal and muscle development
60
fetal growth: insulin
- nutrient availability
61
fetal growth: insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2
- fetal growth and regulation of nutrient utilization
62
fetal growth: growth hormone
- fetal growth
63
fetal circulation (3)
- similar to adult circulation - additional shunts and bypasses - oxygenation and nutrition slightly different
64
fetal circulation: additional shunts and bypasses (3)
- ductus venoses - foremen ovale - ductus arteriosus
65
ductus venoses (2)
- umbilical vein to vena cava - bypasses digestive system and liver
66
foreman ovale (2)
- right atrium to left atrium - hole between 2 atriums
67
ductus arteriosus (2)
- pulmonary artery to aorta - bypasses the lungs
68
fetal circulation: oxygenation (2)
- placenta instead of the lungs - lungs are inactive, collapsed, and non-functional with only some blood passing to fuel cells
69
fetal circulation: nutrition
- placenta instead of digestive system
70
how does the fetus interact with fetal fluid
- absorption and secretion of fluids through respiratory tract, urinary tract, digestive tract, and fetal skin
71
what does fetal fluid contain (5)
- cells - urine - electrolytes - enzymes - hormones
72
what is the purpose of fetal fluid (4)
- protection - nourishment - swallowing of fluid be fetus - pressure on walls of placenta so that it is always in close contact to the endometrium
73
what makes up a large portion of the uterus volume
- fetal fluid
74
what occurs when the "water breaks" (2)
- embryonic sac breaks - amniotic fluid lubricates birth canal to assist parturition
75
amniotic fluid function (3)
- protects fetus from external shock - prevents adhesion between fetal skin and amniotic membrane - assists in dilating cervix and lubricating birth passages during birth
76
allantoic fluid function (3)
- brings allantochorion into close apposition with endometrium during initial attachment - stores fecal excretory products not readily transferred back to mother - helps maintain osmotic pressure of fetal plasma
77
indicators of parturition (4)
- relaxing of pelvic ligaments - edema of vulva - mammary gland enlargement - visible behaviors: nest building/isolation
78
mechanism of parturition (3)
- complex interaction of endocrine. neural and mechanical factors - fetal control in most species - maternal influences present
79
parturition: maternal influence
- stress and fear can prolong parturition
80
fetal control of parturition (2)
- rise in fetal cortisol - fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activated
81
what is the effect of raised fetal cortisol during parturition (4)
- cortisol converts progesterone to estrogen - estrogen stimulates expression of oxytocin receptors in the uterus - leads to synthesis of PG - PG initiates luteolysis, droppig progesterone and starting myometrium contractions
82
mechanics of parturition (2)
- myometrial contractions - cervix dilation
83
labor (3)
- dilation of cervix - expulsion of the fetus - expulsion of the fetal membranes

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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