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APBI 312 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main components of the male reproductive system? (6)

A
  • testes
  • scrotum
  • duct system
  • accessory glands
  • penis
  • prepuce and sheath
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2
Q

what are the main components of the duct system? (3)

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • urethra
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3
Q

what are the main components of the accessory glands? (3)

A
  • vesicular
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral
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4
Q

scrotum function (2)

A
  • protective covering for the testes
  • part of thermoregulatory system (maintains temperature at 5ºC lower)
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5
Q

scrotum appearance

A
  • 2 lobed sac that encloses the testes
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6
Q

scrotum location

A
  • located in the inguinal region between the rear legs of most species
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7
Q

scrotal circumference

A
  • measurement of the two tested and accessory tissues as a genetic selection tool
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8
Q

what does scrotal circumference have a positive association with? (4)

A
  • height
  • weight
  • overall size of testes
  • spermatozoa production
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9
Q

what are the main functions of the testes (2)

A
  • to produce gametes/sperm (spermatogenesis)
  • to produce sex hormones (steriodogenesis)
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10
Q

how are the tested distinct from the female gonads? (2)

A
  • sperm is produced through the reproductive life
  • testes descend from the body cavity
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11
Q

what regulates testicular descent

A
  • endocrine regulated using testosterone
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12
Q

what mechanically guides testicular descent

A
  • shortening of the gubernaculum, a ligament
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13
Q

how does testicular descent vary within different species?

A
  • it varies in the time of the fetal life when the testes enter the scrotum; can be half-way through or around birth
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14
Q

cryptorchidism (3)
- definition
- affect on libido
- difference between species

A
  • a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum/failure of testicular descent
  • no affect on libido
  • are more common in certain species, may be due to later time of descent in fetal life
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15
Q

bilateral cryptorchidism (2)

A
  • both testes in abdominal wall cavity
  • animal is sterile
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16
Q

unilateral cryptorchidism (2)

A
  • one testes in abdominal wall cavity
  • animal is fertile
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17
Q

what are the causes for cryptorchidism (2)

A
  • gonadotropin deficiency
  • abnormal swelling and regression of gubernaculum
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18
Q

seminiferous tubules (2)
- purpose
- location

A
  • site of spermatogenesis; the process of cells going through meiosis to become immature sperm
  • located inside the testes
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19
Q

important cells of the seminiferous tubules (2)

A
  • sertoli cells
  • leydig cells
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20
Q

seminiferous tubules: sertoli cells (2)
- function
- location

A
  • support sperm production
  • located inside of the tubules
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21
Q

seminiferous tubules: leydig cells (2)
- function
- location

A
  • produce testosterone
  • located outside the tubules
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22
Q

how is sperm transported in the seminiferous tubule and what does this allow for (2)

A
  • muscle movement squeezes new sperm in the lumen toward the testes centre
  • allows for continual production of sperm
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23
Q

why do the testes need a thermoregulatory system

A
  • to create the ideal temperature for meiosis and sperm production
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24
Q

what mechanisms does the testes use for their thermoregulatory system? (4)

A
  • tunica dartos muscle
  • cremaster muscle
  • sweat and sebaceous gland-thermo receptors
  • pampiniform plexus
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25
Q

when may the testes thermoregulatory system fail?

A
  • under extremes of ambient temperature (frostbite or heat stress)
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26
Q

what are the results of failure of the testes thermoregulatory system?

A
  • decreased quality and amount of sperm production
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27
Q

pampiniform plexus
- definition
- mechanism of function

A
  • network of spermatic vessels involved in thermoregulatory function of the testes
  • counter-current heat exchange
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28
Q

how does the pampiniform plexus work in the testes thermoregulatory function (2)

A
  • the testicular vein and testicular artery are heavily intertwined, naturally regulating the blood temperature of the other vessel
  • cools blood going into the testicles and warms blood going out
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29
Q

what is the importance of the spermatic cord?

A
  • connects the testes to its life support mechanisms
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30
Q

what is the spermatic cord composed of? (5)

A
  • smooth muscle fibres; cremaster muscle
  • pampiniform plexus (testicular arteries and veins)
  • lymph vessels
  • nerves and important tissue
  • vas deferens
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31
Q

blood-testis barrier (2)
- definition
- function

A
  • a physical barrier that prevents blood/lymph vessels from penetrating the seminiferous tubules
  • allows gas gas exchange occurs, but blood and cells cannot pass through
32
Q

what is the blood-testis barrier composed of? (2)

A
  • myoid cells; contractile elements in the wall
  • sertoli cells; form tight junctions in membranes of adjacent cells
33
Q

sertoli-sertoli cell junctions

A
  • cells membranes fuse near their base to form a basal compartment and an ad-luminal compartment
34
Q

basal compartment (2)

A
  • makes up the outer ring of the seminiferous tubules
  • contains the spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
35
Q

ad-luminal compartment (2)

A
  • makes up the middle ring, between the basal and lumen sections, of the seminiferous tubules
  • contains advanced sperm and spermatids
36
Q

what is the significance/purpose of the blood-testis barrier? (3)

A
  • maintains an environment that is protected and suitable for sperm development
  • provides endocrinological shielding
  • isolates sperm-specific auto antigens
37
Q

what is the environment suitable for sperm development

A
  • fluid environment with more glycine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, and less potassium due to protein and DNA synthesis
38
Q

why is endocrinological shielding important (2)

A
  • maintains a relatively slow entry of FSH and testosterone and constant buffer germ cells
39
Q

what is the importance of isolating sperm from the blood? (2)

A
  • haploid cells are recognized as foreign by immune system as new antigens develop during spermatogenesis
  • prevents an autoimmunity attack
40
Q

epididymis (2)
- definition
- length

A
  • first external duct leading away from testis
  • can be very long and convoluted, and varies between species
41
Q

epididymis structure (3)

A
  • inner layer epithelium and connective tissue
  • middle layer circular smooth muscle (to push sperm toward urethra)
  • outer layer serous membrane
42
Q

epididymis function (4)

A
  • transport of spermatozoa
  • concentration of spermatozoa
  • storage of spermatozoa
  • maturation of spermatozoa
43
Q

epididymis function: transport (2)
- how can transport be sped up
- how will speed of transport affect spermatozoa

A
  • frequent ejaculation will speed up transport by 10-20%
  • if transport is sped up, lower fertility sperm may be ejaculated due to insufficient time to mature
44
Q

epididymis function: storage (2)
- where is storage mainly located
- sperm lifespan

A
  • tail region
  • remain alive up to 60 days
45
Q

epididymis function: maturation

A
  • sperm entering head region are not motile or fertile, but acquire both by the time they reach the tail
46
Q

castration

A
  • irreversible removal of the testes resulting in infertility and decreased testosterone
47
Q

practical applications of castration (3)

A
  • to reduce aggressive behaviour
  • to meet standards for produce consumption
  • population control
48
Q

burdizzo method of castration (2)

A
  • clamp and crush spermatic cords (vas deferens and testicular vessels)
  • renders animal infertile though scrotal sac is unaffected
49
Q

vas deferens (3)
- location
- function
- composition

A
  • duct that leads from tail of the epididymis to the urethra
  • passageway for spermatozoa during ejaculation
  • consists of 3 muscle layers for pushing sperm along
50
Q

where do vasectomies occur?

A
  • in the vas deferens; does not decrease testosterone but makes individual infertile
51
Q

what is the purpose of accessory sex glands? (3)

A
  • secretions add fluid volume to semen
  • add buffers, nutrients, minerals, and other substances to semen
  • assure optimum motility ad fertility
52
Q

accessory sex glands: important of buffer secretions

A
  • buffers needed to neutralize waste excreted by cell metabolisms
53
Q

accessory sex glands: important of nutrient secretions

A
  • cells need energy to survive after ejaculation
54
Q

accessory sex glands: important of mineral secretions

A
  • needed for capacitation; the capacity for the sperm to actually enter the egg
55
Q

ampullae

A
  • enlargement of the vas deferens that is not present in all species
56
Q

ampullae functions (3)

A
  • thick muscle layers contract at ejaculation to aid sperm transport
  • glandular tissue present fluid carrier for sperm
  • storage area for sperm in some species
57
Q

vesicular glands/seminal vesicles (2)

A
  • pair of glands
  • excretory ducts that enter urethra with the vas deferens
58
Q

seminal vesicles: secretion functions (2)

A
  • adds volumes to ejaculate; more so than other accessory glands
  • adds nutrients and buffers; fructose, sorbitol phosphate, carbonate ions
59
Q

prostate gland (3)

A
  • single gland located around and along the urethra
  • common to most species
  • two parts: bilobed and distinct or disseminate and nondistinct (portion closely associated with urethra)
60
Q

prostate glands: secretion functions (3)

A
  • add small volume to ejaculate
  • minerals for capacitation and sperm motility; sodium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium
  • flush and lubricate urethra prior to ejaculation
61
Q

prostate enlargement (3)
- definition
- what may it cause
- health effects

A
  • enlargement of the prostate to encircle the urethra
  • may restrict urine flow into the urethra
  • causes pain, frequent urination, and health complications
62
Q

prostate enlargement treatment (2)

A
  • enlarge urethra surgically by removing prostate portion
  • treat with female sex steroids or block testosterone to prevent prostate growth
63
Q

bulbourethral glands (2)

A
  • pair of glands located along the far end of the pelvic urethra
  • not very large, but varies between species
64
Q

bulbourethral glands: secretion functions (2)

A
  • flush urine from urethra before ejaculation
  • contribute some volume to ejaculate
65
Q

bulbourethral glands: function in bulls (2)

A
  • gland & secretions are larger
  • secretion appears as white lumps due to coagulation and form a plug to prevent semen flowing back through the cervix
66
Q

accessory glands: species

A
  • glands are not present in all species and may have special functions in certain species
67
Q

urethra

A
  • joint excretory canal for both urine and semen, which extends from the bladder to the glans penis
68
Q

urethra composition (3)

A
  1. pelvic urethra
  2. ischial urethra
  3. extra-pelvic/penal urethra (not common in all species, aids in fertilization by extending past the penis)
69
Q

glans penis: structure (3)

A
  • softer terminal portion
  • less connective tissue and engorgement with blood
  • well supplied with sensory nerves
70
Q

glans penis: function (2)

A
  • contains prepuse
  • protects the vagina and cervix from injury during mating
71
Q

penis

A
  • organ of copulation
72
Q

penis composition (3)

A
  1. root (attached)
  2. shaft (body)
  3. glans (enlarged free end)
73
Q

penis type (2)

A
  • fibroelastic; uses sigmoid flexure
  • vascular: uses corpus cavernosus
74
Q

which species have a fibroelastic penis

A
  • bull, boar, ram
75
Q

which species have a vascular penis

A
  • stallion, man

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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