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Principles and Perspectives > Ethics in Health Care > Flashcards

Ethics in Health Care Flashcards

1
Q

The discipline that examines one’s moral standards or the moral standards of society

A

Ethics

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2
Q

The standards that an individual group has about what is right and wrong, good or bad

A

Morality

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3
Q

Where moral standards come from

A

Upbringing
Friends
Religion

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4
Q

Pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers are required to report anything of value given to doctors or teaching hospitals

A

Sunshine Act of the United States

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5
Q

Moralities in the Stages of Moral Development (Kholberg)

A 
Pre Conventional (2-7)
Conventional (7-12)
Post Conventional (12 above)
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6
Q

Stages under preconventional morality

A

Reward and Punishment

Individualism and Exchange

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7
Q

Stages under conventional morality

A

Interpersonal Concordance

Law and order

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8
Q

Stages under post conventional morality

A

Social Contract and Individual Rights

Univeral Principles

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9
Q

Morality as it affects the self

A

Pre-conventional Morality

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10
Q

Morality that exhibits loyalty or subordination to the group

A

Conventional Morality

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11
Q

Morality that examines the values and norms of his or her group

A

Post-conventional Morality

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12
Q

Stage wherein the sense of right or wrong is determined by physical consequences

A

Stage 1 Reward and Punishment

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13
Q

Stage wherein there is an acceptance of the authority of powerful individuals who have a right to hand down a fixed set of rules

A

Stage 1 Reward and Punishment

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14
Q

Stage wherein the individual focuses on personal, self-satisfaction as the determinant of morality

A

Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange

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15
Q

Stage wherein the person is aware of others and relates to them in terms of benefit to self
Reciprocity

A

Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange

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16
Q

Stage wherein the person seeks conformity to expected social conventions and approval by having good intentions or being nice

A

Stage 3 Interpersonal Concordance

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17
Q

Stage that focuses on rules, social order and respect for authority

A

Stage 4 Law and Order

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18
Q

Stage wherein there is an awareness of conflicting views within society

A

Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights

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19
Q

Stage wherein there is a belief that all values and norms are relative and should be tolerated

A

Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights

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20
Q

Stage that emphasizes fair ways of resolving conflicts and reaching a consensus, mainly through democratic means

A

Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights

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21
Q

Stage that shows a commitment to the universal principles of equal rights, social justice and respect for basic dignity

A

Stage 6 Universal principles

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22
Q

Anatomy of an Ethical or Unethical Decision by Manuel Velasquez

A

Ethical Reasoning

1) Moral Standards
2) Factual Information about the Dilemma
3) A good moral judgement

Ethical Action

4) Choose a course of action
5) Communicate well

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23
Q

Defines what you consider good

A

Ethical Framework

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24
Q

Ethical framework wherein actions and policies are evaluated on the basis of benefits and costs they will impose on society

A

Utilitarianism

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25
Q

Ethical framework that believes that the right action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs

A

Utilitarianism

26
Q

How to be Utilitarian

A

1) Determine the alternative actions
2) Estimate the direct and indirect benefits and costs
3) Choose the alternative that produces the greatest sum total of utility

27
Q

Attractions of Utilitarianism

A

1) Simplicity
2) Intuitiveness
3) Impartiality
4) Efficiency

28
Q

Criticisms of Utilitarianism

A

1) Does not take into account intentions or character formation
2) End justifies the means thinking

29
Q

I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become universal law

A

Principle of Universality

30
Q

Act in such a way that you always treat humanity never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end

A

Principle of Humanity

31
Q

Requires that the action can be safely prescribed as law for everyone

A

Categorical Imperative

32
Q

Underlying philosophy or morality for the Categorical Imperative

A

if man thought well enough about it he would come to the same conclusion and would act in the same way in similar situations

33
Q

Criticisms of Kant

A

Too rigid
Morality cannot be reason alone
“Consequences are irrelevant”

34
Q

Ethical framework that believes that an action is right when it is what a virtuous person would do

A

Virtue Ethics

35
Q

Morality is based on what will bring the best that a person can be because self actualization will bring about man’s authentic happines

A

Virtue ethics

36
Q

Criticism for Virtue Ethics

A

No specific direction
No perfectly virtuous person
Doesn’t quickly respond to changes in practice that require new moral responses
Idealized roles may conflict

37
Q

Merits of Virtue Ethics

A

Reminds us of the importance of Character

Gives importance to accumulated wisdom (Wisdom of Ages)

38
Q

Framework that states if you believe in God then you are bound to subscribe to his claims and the duty of these claims

A

Christian ethics

39
Q

Criticism for Christian ethics

A

Assumes belief in divine being
May lead to fundamentalism, no exemptions
Difficulty in adapting with changes in biotechnology
Scripture is interpreted in many different ways

40
Q

Variables to calculating utility

A 
Intensity
Duration
Certainty
Proximity
Fecundity
Purity
Extent
41
Q

Principles of ethics

A

Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Respect for Autonomy
Justice

42
Q

Requires intentionally refraining from actions that may cause harm or risks harm

A

Nonmaleficence

43
Q

A practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient involved

A

Beneficence

44
Q

One chooses the action or policy that will produce the greatest net benefit or the lowest net cost

A

Net Utility

45
Q

One ought to act in such a way that enables another person to act fully in accordance with his or her self chosen plan

A

Respect for Autonomy

46
Q

Components of Respect for Autonomy

A

Liberty

Agency

47
Q

Free from controlling influences

A

Liberty

48
Q

Capacity for intentional action

A

Agency

49
Q

An individual’s entitlements to act in a certain way or his being entitled to have others act in a certain way towards him

A

Moral rights

50
Q

Giving what is due to a person

A

Justice

51
Q

Imposition of punishments and penalties upon those who do wrong

A

Retributive justice

52
Q

Compensation for the aggrieved

A

Compensatory justice

53
Q

concerned with the fair distribution of society’s benefits and burdens

A

distributive justice

54
Q

Framework that emphasizes attending to and responding to the good of particular and concrete people

A

Ethics of care

55
Q

Sees concrete communities and communal relationships as having a fundamental value that should be preserved and maintained

A

Communitarian ethic

56
Q

Five central values of ethics of care

A 
Moral attention
Sympathetic understanding
Relationship awareness
Accommodation
Response
57
Q

Criticisms for Ethics of care

A

Can degenerate into conventional thinking or unjust favoritism
can lead to burnout

58
Q

Merits of Ethics of care

A

focus on the moral value and awareness of impact

focus on particularizing our responses

59
Q

Angeles model for ethical reasoning

A

1) Gather facts
2) Identify stakeholders
3) Articulate dilemma
4) List alternatives
5) Compare values
6) Determine consequences
7) Make a decision

60
Q

Guidelines on making a decision

A

Test of publicity
Test of time
Test of legality

61
Q

UNESCO’s 5 Step Ethical method of reasoning

A

1) Fact Deliberation
2) Value Deliberation
3) Duty Deliberation
4) Test of Consistency
5) Final Decision

Principles and Perspectives (16 decks)

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