Ethics in Health Care

Question 1

The discipline that examines one’s moral standards or the moral standards of society

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

The standards that an individual group has about what is right and wrong, good or bad

Answer 2

Morality

Question 3

Where moral standards come from

Answer 3

Upbringing
Friends
Religion

Question 4

Pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers are required to report anything of value given to doctors or teaching hospitals

Answer 4

Sunshine Act of the United States

Question 5

Moralities in the Stages of Moral Development (Kholberg)

Answer 5

Pre Conventional (2-7)
Conventional (7-12)
Post Conventional (12 above)

Question 6

Stages under preconventional morality

Answer 6

Reward and Punishment

Individualism and Exchange

Question 7

Stages under conventional morality

Answer 7

Interpersonal Concordance

Law and order

Question 8

Stages under post conventional morality

Answer 8

Social Contract and Individual Rights

Univeral Principles

Question 9

Morality as it affects the self

Answer 9

Pre-conventional Morality

Question 10

Morality that exhibits loyalty or subordination to the group

Answer 10

Conventional Morality

Question 11

Morality that examines the values and norms of his or her group

Answer 11

Post-conventional Morality

Question 12

Stage wherein the sense of right or wrong is determined by physical consequences

Answer 12

Stage 1 Reward and Punishment

Question 13

Stage wherein there is an acceptance of the authority of powerful individuals who have a right to hand down a fixed set of rules

Answer 13

Stage 1 Reward and Punishment

Question 14

Stage wherein the individual focuses on personal, self-satisfaction as the determinant of morality

Answer 14

Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange

Question 15

Stage wherein the person is aware of others and relates to them in terms of benefit to self
Reciprocity

Answer 15

Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange

Question 16

Stage wherein the person seeks conformity to expected social conventions and approval by having good intentions or being nice

Answer 16

Stage 3 Interpersonal Concordance

Question 17

Stage that focuses on rules, social order and respect for authority

Answer 17

Stage 4 Law and Order

Question 18

Stage wherein there is an awareness of conflicting views within society

Answer 18

Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights

Question 19

Stage wherein there is a belief that all values and norms are relative and should be tolerated

Answer 19

Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights

Question 20

Stage that emphasizes fair ways of resolving conflicts and reaching a consensus, mainly through democratic means

Answer 20

Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights

Question 21

Stage that shows a commitment to the universal principles of equal rights, social justice and respect for basic dignity

Answer 21

Stage 6 Universal principles

Question 22

Anatomy of an Ethical or Unethical Decision by Manuel Velasquez

Answer 22

Ethical Reasoning

1) Moral Standards
2) Factual Information about the Dilemma
3) A good moral judgement

Ethical Action

4) Choose a course of action
5) Communicate well

Question 23

Defines what you consider good

Answer 23

Ethical Framework

Question 24

Ethical framework wherein actions and policies are evaluated on the basis of benefits and costs they will impose on society

Answer 24

Utilitarianism

Question 25

Ethical framework that believes that the right action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs

Answer 25

Utilitarianism

Question 26

How to be Utilitarian

Answer 26

1) Determine the alternative actions 2) Estimate the direct and indirect benefits and costs 3) Choose the alternative that produces the greatest sum total of utility

Question 27

Attractions of Utilitarianism

Answer 27

1) Simplicity 2) Intuitiveness 3) Impartiality 4) Efficiency

Question 28

Criticisms of Utilitarianism

Answer 28

1) Does not take into account intentions or character formation 2) End justifies the means thinking

Question 29

I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become universal law

Answer 29

Principle of Universality

Question 30

Act in such a way that you always treat humanity never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end

Answer 30

Principle of Humanity

Question 31

Requires that the action can be safely prescribed as law for everyone

Answer 31

Categorical Imperative

Question 32

Underlying philosophy or morality for the Categorical Imperative

Answer 32

if man thought well enough about it he would come to the same conclusion and would act in the same way in similar situations

Question 33

Criticisms of Kant

Answer 33

Too rigid Morality cannot be reason alone "Consequences are irrelevant"

Question 34

Ethical framework that believes that an action is right when it is what a virtuous person would do

Answer 34

Virtue Ethics

Question 35

Morality is based on what will bring the best that a person can be because self actualization will bring about man's authentic happines

Answer 35

Virtue ethics

Question 36

Criticism for Virtue Ethics

Answer 36

No specific direction No perfectly virtuous person Doesn't quickly respond to changes in practice that require new moral responses Idealized roles may conflict

Question 37

Merits of Virtue Ethics

Answer 37

Reminds us of the importance of Character | Gives importance to accumulated wisdom (Wisdom of Ages)

Question 38

Framework that states if you believe in God then you are bound to subscribe to his claims and the duty of these claims

Answer 38

Christian ethics

Question 39

Criticism for Christian ethics

Answer 39

Assumes belief in divine being May lead to fundamentalism, no exemptions Difficulty in adapting with changes in biotechnology Scripture is interpreted in many different ways

Question 40

Variables to calculating utility

Answer 40

``` Intensity Duration Certainty Proximity Fecundity Purity Extent ```

Question 41

Principles of ethics

Answer 41

Nonmaleficence Beneficence Respect for Autonomy Justice

Question 42

Requires intentionally refraining from actions that may cause harm or risks harm

Answer 42

Nonmaleficence

Question 43

A practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient involved

Answer 43

Beneficence

Question 44

One chooses the action or policy that will produce the greatest net benefit or the lowest net cost

Answer 44

Net Utility

Question 45

One ought to act in such a way that enables another person to act fully in accordance with his or her self chosen plan

Answer 45

Respect for Autonomy

Question 46

Components of Respect for Autonomy

Answer 46

Liberty | Agency

Question 47

Free from controlling influences

Answer 47

Liberty

Question 48

Capacity for intentional action

Answer 48

Agency

Question 49

An individual's entitlements to act in a certain way or his being entitled to have others act in a certain way towards him

Answer 49

Moral rights

Question 50

Giving what is due to a person

Answer 50

Justice

Question 51

Imposition of punishments and penalties upon those who do wrong

Answer 51

Retributive justice

Question 52

Compensation for the aggrieved

Answer 52

Compensatory justice

Question 53

concerned with the fair distribution of society's benefits and burdens

Answer 53

distributive justice

Question 54

Framework that emphasizes attending to and responding to the good of particular and concrete people

Answer 54

Ethics of care

Question 55

Sees concrete communities and communal relationships as having a fundamental value that should be preserved and maintained

Answer 55

Communitarian ethic

Question 56

Five central values of ethics of care

Answer 56

``` Moral attention Sympathetic understanding Relationship awareness Accommodation Response ```

Question 57

Criticisms for Ethics of care

Answer 57

Can degenerate into conventional thinking or unjust favoritism can lead to burnout

Question 58

Merits of Ethics of care

Answer 58

focus on the moral value and awareness of impact | focus on particularizing our responses

Question 59

Angeles model for ethical reasoning

Answer 59

1) Gather facts 2) Identify stakeholders 3) Articulate dilemma 4) List alternatives 5) Compare values 6) Determine consequences 7) Make a decision

Question 60

Guidelines on making a decision

Answer 60

Test of publicity Test of time Test of legality

Question 61

UNESCO's 5 Step Ethical method of reasoning

Answer 61

1) Fact Deliberation 2) Value Deliberation 3) Duty Deliberation 4) Test of Consistency 5) Final Decision