ETHICS PRELIM

Question 1

What are the characteristics of moral standards?

Answer 1

• Moral standards involve serious wrong or significant benefits.
• Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values.
• Moral standards are not established by authority figures.
• Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.
• Moral standards are based on impartial considerations.
• Moral standards are associated with special emotions and vocabulary.

Question 2

the systematic study of moral right and wrong, originated when humans began reflecting on the best way to live, also called moral philosophy

Answer 2

Ethics

Question 3

What is non-moral Standard?

Answer 3

Non-moral standards refer to standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way.

Question 4

the oldest law around the world and it is written in 1750 BCE by King Hammurabi

Answer 4

Code of Hammurabi

Question 5

it means custom, habit, character or disposition.

Answer 5

ethos

Question 6

what are the 3 Approaches to Ethics

Answer 6

• Meta-ethics
• Normative ethics
• Applied ethics

Question 7

What is moral standard?

Answer 7

Moral standards are norms guiding actions and values, promoting the welfare of humans, animals, and the environment, and prescribe human rights and obligations to ensure the welfare of all.

Question 8

are general rules about actions

Answer 8

Norms

Question 9

are enduring beliefs about what is good and desirable.

Answer 9

values

Question 10

are norms guiding actions and values, promoting the welfare of humans, animals, and the environment, and prescribe human rights and obligations to ensure the well-being of all.

Answer 10

Moral standards

Question 10

refer to non-moral judgments of good and bad, such as etiquette, law, and aesthetics.

Answer 10

Non-moral standards

Question 11

looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital punishment

Answer 11

Applied ethics

Question 12

is concerned with the content of moral judgments and the criteria for what is right or wrong.

Answer 12

Normative ethics

Question 13

deals with the nature of moral judgment. It looks at the origins and meaning of ethical principles.

Answer 13

Meta-ethics

Question 14

he viewed humans as unconstrained moral agents with choices in every aspect of their lives.

Answer 14

John Paul Sartre

Question 15

Individuals are deemed to exercise freedom as rational moral beings, thereby committing to budgeting and planning for the future, as the only way to improve it is by doing so.

Answer 15

Obligation

Question 16

When making choices, one assumes full responsibility for planning their life, including planning and budgeting actions for future goals.

Answer 16

Freedom

Question 17

Freedom of choice is the ability to make morally sound decisions, taking full responsibility for one’s actions and using rational and empathetic capacity as a moral being.

Answer 17

Moral

Question 18

A conflict or decision-making problem involves a person having to choose between two or more actions based on moral reasons.

Answer 18

Moral dilemma

Question 19

is about cultivating virtue through character traits, making good choices habitual

Answer 19

Personal Morality

Question 20

refers to the human person’s freedom to make choices based on their moral discernment, taking full responsibility for their actions

Answer 20

Moral freedom

Question 20

influence operating standards and policies, requiring leaders to understand their impact on operations and relationships.

Answer 20

STRUCTURAL DILEMMA

Question 21

the actions of leaders can pose ethical challenges for some employees.

Answer 21

ORGANIZATION DILEMMA

Question 22

dilemmas due to factors like peer pressure, financial position, and socio-economic status.

Answer 22

INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA

Question 23

It refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.

Answer 23

Culture

Question 23

asserts that people's beliefs, values, and ideas are shaped by their society, with optimistic versions allowing for unlimited freedom. Anthropologists

Answer 23

Cultural determinism

Question 24

suggests that human nature is infinitely malleable, allowing individuals to choose their preferred lifestyle

Answer 24

optimistic theory

Question 25

suggests that humans are passive creatures, resulting in behaviorism that places causes beyond human control.

Answer 25

pessimistic theory

Question 26

encourages human evolution and adaptability by allowing ethical and moral definitions to change with people's changing behaviors.

Answer 26

Cultural relativism

Question 27

a person who deals moral dilemma

Answer 27

Moral Agent

Question 28

three levels of moral dilemma

Answer 28

- individual dilemma - organization dilemma - structural dilemma

Question 29

"buntot mo, hila mo" means?

Answer 29

means taking responsibility for one's action

Question 30

where the only strongest can survive, as there is no real protection system

Answer 30

darwanian system

Question 31

he depicts a society where people constantly distance themselves to avoid demons

Answer 31

C.S. Lewis's Hell The Screwtape Letters

Question 32

aims for inclusion rather than exclusion

Answer 32

moral progress

Question 33

he proposed a theoretical system that discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cultural relativism which aims to create individualized cultures

Answer 33

Franz Boas in 1887

Question 34

is the belief that one's culture is superior to others, often leading to distorted perceptions of other cultures

Answer 34

Ethnocentrism

Question 35

reconciliation of cultural differences

Answer 35

- cultural awareness - clustering culture - determining the extent of global involvement

Question 35

can help efficiently perform task in a foreign environment

Answer 35

- cultural awareness

Question 36

countries may be grouped by shared values and attitudes, with fewer differences expected within a cluster

Answer 36

- clustering culture

Question 37

global enterprises requires varying levels of cultural awareness

Answer 37

- determining the extent of global involvement

Question 38

it is a cultural determinism place no limits on the abilities of human

Answer 38

- optimistic versions

Question 39

it maintains that people are what they are conditioned to be

Answer 39

- pessimistic version

Question 40

code of hammurabi was being introduced in this era

Answer 40

1756 BCE

Question 41

the one who spread Catholicism in the country

Answer 41

ferdinand magellan

Question 42

he proposed necessary condition between freedom and obligation

Answer 42

John Mothers Head

Question 43

ferdinand's companion

Answer 43

antonio pigafetta

Question 44

when the ethics begin

Answer 44

reflection

Question 45

"hinala"

Answer 45

gut-instinct

Question 46

number laws made by King Hammurabi

Answer 46

282

Question 47

it is the belief that one's own culture is superior to that of other cultures

Answer 47

ethnocentrism

Question 48

it is a foundation for unity as well as the sense of social justice

Answer 48

pakikipagkapwa tao

Question 49

it is given to parents and elders; care given to the children

Answer 49

honor and respect

Question 50

personal ambition and the drive for power and status that is completely insensitive

Answer 50

kanya-kanya syndrome

Question 51

is characterized by an openness to the outside-adapting

Answer 51

filipino culture

Question 52

one of the weaknesses in the Filipino character that is made up of two dimensions

Answer 52

colonial mentality

Question 53

two dimensions in colonial mentality:

Answer 53

- lack of patriotism - actual preference for thing foreign

Question 54

manifests in a casual and relaxed attitude towards time and space

Answer 54

lack of discipline

Question 55

it is reinforced by an educational system that is often mor form than substance

Answer 55

Lack of self-analysis

Question 56

it is manifested in the millions of Filipinos who bravely live through the hardest

Answer 56

ability to survive

Question 57

it is a source of personal identity, emotional and material support

Answer 57

family orientation

Question 58

it is manifested in the Filipino's love for socials and celebrations

Answer 58

joy and humor

Question 59

this results in productivity, innovation, entrepreneurship, equanimity, and survival

Answer 59

flexibility, adaptability and creativity

Question 60

we possess the ability to work hard, raise living standards, and have decent life for our families

Answer 60

hard work and industry

Question 61

Filipino's have deep faith in God, allowing them to accept reality in God's will

Answer 61

faith and religiosity

Question 62

filipinos view the world through personal relationships

Answer 62

extreme personalism

Question 63

leads to loyalty, factionalism, patronage, and protection of family members

Answer 63

extreme family centeredness

Question 64

this makes them easy targets for oppression and exploitation

Answer 64

passivity and lack of initiative