Ethiopia

Question 1

Economic Development:

Answer 1

1. High birth rate and slowly falling death rate, natural increase, grow by 2.5%
2. History of famine, drought, poor healthcare life expectancy at 65 years but world average is 72
3. Reliant on agriculture 85%, trade deficit, low quality cheap products.

Question 2

Can Rostow’s model help determine Ethiopia’s development?

Answer 2

1. It could appear as stage 1, traditional society, primary employment and the trade deficit
2. Government spending has led to improvement in healthcare and education with the arrival of TNCs, improving infrastructure stage 2
3. Still have nomadic lifestyle but have newer technologies.

Question 3

Social Context:

Answer 3

1. From the mid 1980s onwards suffered from severe droughts and eventual famine
2. The 1984-85 killed a million people in one year to droughts and high food prices.
3. NGOs delivered $2000 million, Ethiopia has remained food deficit since this time.

Question 4

Political Context:

Answer 4

1. Because of the collapse of the USSR, international spotlight on famine, support from other nations removed Derg control
2. From 1991, became the Federal Democratic Republic
3. New government allowed free trade and gave farmers access to cheaper fertilisers.

Question 5

Technological Context:

Answer 5

1. 2012 Growth and Transformation Plan following from the MDG
2. New training programmes and investment have enabled farmers to learn new skills
3. Like mixing crop types with beans to help soils stay fertile
4. increase yields.

Question 6

Environmental Context:

Answer 6

1. Mountains reach up to 4500m with thin soils and active volcanoes, steep, rocky slopes hard to farm and use machinery
2. Lowlands suffer mosquitoes and malaria. Livestock at risk of disease or malnutrition

Question 7

SDG 5: Gender Equality

Answer 7

1. Achieved
2. Women in government from 2% in 2000 to 50%
3. Education gap is closing now 93% in primary school, was 43% in 2000
4. Unemployment higher for women and still work in traditional roles like water carrying

Question 8

SDG 1: No Poverty

Answer 8

1. Not achieved
2. Population living in poverty has dropped to 21% from 44% in 2000
3. National debt is 58% is the total GDP
4. Unemployment is high at 19% of the total workforce world average is 4.9%

Question 9

Ethiopia’s Economy:

Answer 9

1. 80% of exports is agriculture
2. One of the world’s largest producers of food and flowers, vulnerable to climate change and global food prices
3. Many of the imports are processed like aircrafts, medicine, cars and telephones

Question 10

Pros of TNCs:

Answer 10

1. investment in hotel infrastructure can increase tourism
2. Workers in hotels are often paid a fair wage

Question 11

Cons of TNCs:

Answer 11

1. LIDCs workers are often paid less
2. Working conditions can be difficult, wish to make a profit
3. Regulations on wages are less stringent
4. Workers may get $110 a month in Ethiopia but in EDCs $275

Question 12

Pros and Cons of Aid/Bottom-Up:

Answer 12

1. Oxfam provides Goat Aid
2. Pair of goats given to a 12yr girl, goats are bred to create a flock, milk, better health, surplus is sold, flock is re-bred, sustainable increase in wealth and tax
3. Goats may not adjust to new environment
4. Could make them dependent on aid $585 million in 2018

Question 13

Top-down:

Answer 13

1. Growth Transformation Plan
2. Develop industries and boost the economy
3. Insured large-scale infrastructure and spending
4. $3.6 billion on mud roads into asphalt, reducing travel time.