Ethnic And National Identities

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

Category of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics such as skin colour and facial features

Question 2

Ethnicity

Answer 2

Cultural differences between groups based on a shared common culture including elements like language, religion, art, music, literature etc

Question 3

Ethnic minority group

Answer 3

Group who share the same cultural background but which is different to that of the majority culture in the country where they reside

Question 4

Nationality

Answer 4

Refers to your country or origin or the country where you are legally entitled to reside

Question 5

Immigrant

Answer 5

Someone who has moved from country to permanently reside in another

Question 6

First/second/third generation immigrant

Answer 6

First= those who have moved to a new country themselves
Second= their children
Third= their grandchildren

Question 7

Asylum seeker

Answer 7

Someone who seeks refuge in another country for a temporary period if it is too dangerous for them to be in their own country

Question 8

Illegal immigrant

Answer 8

Someone who is not legally entitled to live in a country

Question 9

Racism

Answer 9

Negative attitudes or behaviours towards a person/group due to their racial or ethnic background

Question 10

Institutional racism

Answer 10

Policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organisation that result in and support a continued unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race

Question 11

Assimilation

Answer 11

When an ethnic minority group become absorbed into the culture of the ethnic majority and adopt ‘common/shared’ norms and values and drop their own

Question 12

Intergration

Answer 12

When ethnic minorities become part of the majority culture and adopt their norms, values and cultural practices which led to multiculturalism

Question 13

Cultural/ethnic resistance

Answer 13

When an ethnic minority group unite together and strengthen their own ethnic identities as a way of fighting/‘resisting’ racism they face from ethnic majority

Question 14

Cashmore and Troyna

Answer 14

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES

Immigrants from places such as India and Pakistan faced open hostility and racism from white British people and experienced discrimination in the workplace, housing and education. Therefore immigrants turned inwards and created their own communities with people from the same ethnic backgrounds.

Question 15

Hebdidge

Answer 15

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests Rastafarianism was adopted by UK young Jamaican migrants as a type of subculture. = wore colours red, green and gold and wore dreadlocks = resistance to racism

Question 16

Rastafarianism

Answer 16

A resistance to racism, an escape from the rational everyday world

Question 17

Ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 17

National curriculum taught in school is predominantly for white people

Question 18

Ghuman

Answer 18

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests that tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the uk. Would be socialised into extended family with emphasis on loyalty, honour and religious commitment. Parents would choose who their child should marry

Question 19

Anwar

Answer 19

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests the family can be the source of conflict for some Asian children particularly around arranged marriage and freedom. Younger generation hold different cultural values = culture clash

Question 20

What are honour killings?

Answer 20

The killing of a relative (especially girl or young woman) who is perceived to have brought dishonour on the family

Question 21

Butler

Answer 21

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests tension between British and Asian culture where the family puts pressure on the control of women and girls as the future of community rests with them

Question 22

Watson

Answer 22

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests the generation gap is emerging as the traditional Asian views on roles of women allow parents to decide the way in which they bring up their daughters.

Question 23

Driver and Ballad

Answer 23

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests Indian families place a greater value on their children’s education and push children to have high ambitions and gain best possible grades.

Question 24

Archer and Francis

Answer 24

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests cultural factors are important in explaining the success of British-Chinese students. Parents take a strong role in developing children’s academic success

Question 25

Coard

Answer 25

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES Suggests curriculum is based on one particular cultural viewpoint while ignoring others. The British National Curriculum is ethnocentric.

Question 26

Gillborn

Answer 26

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES Suggests that teachers are institutionally racist towards black boys. Black males are seen as a threat and disruptive by teachers=negative stereotypes and label them. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 27

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 27

Told something again and again so you believe it and act a certain way

Question 28

Alexander

Answer 28

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES Suggests that Asian youths in east London have been unfairly targeted by police and the media. Suggests a ‘myth of the Asian Gang’ created by the media on clashes between black and Asian gangs which is exaggerated

Question 29

Islamaphobia

Answer 29

Dislik/prejudice against Islam/Muslims

Question 30

Hall

Answer 30

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES Suggests in his text ‘The White Eye’ that traditional films portray black people in 1 of 3 ways= as natives, as entertainers or as slaves.

Question 31

Moghissi

Answer 31

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES Suggests Muslims in the media are ‘huddled together’. Since 7/7 and 9/11, moral panic has been created around Islam as a religion. Also suggests Muslim women are presented as victims of honour killings and Muslim males negatively stereotyped as terrorists.

Question 32

Sewell

Answer 32

TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES Studied black boys in the media and suggests that they underachieve in education due to the teachers and employers and police being racist and will discriminate against them. Could also be due to the lack of a male role model in their lives.

Question 33

Postmodernists

Answer 33

Characterised by fragmentation, uncertainty, choice and risk

Question 34

Back

Answer 34

CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES POSTMODERNISM Suggests that black, white and Asian youths all share friendships, fashion, music and spike the same slang = hybrid identities. Also suggests these people were trying out ‘cultural masks’ and that ‘cultural borrowing’ was taking place.

Question 35

Gill

Answer 35

CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES POSTMODERNISM Carried out a survey of British Asian students and identified a number of them as ‘Blasian’. Also listened to Black music and had friendship groups which included black youths. =further evidence of hybrid identities.

Question 36

Code switching

Answer 36

British Asians may use a ‘western’ white identity among white, peers at school and then revert to a traditional ‘eastern’ identity when at home with parents

Question 37

Burdsey

Answer 37

CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES POSTMODERNISM Suggests that British Asian footballers adopted an Asian identity when with their parents but a white identity when with their white peers. = ‘code switching’. These Asians wear a ‘white mask’ or different ‘cultural mask’

Question 38

Nayak

Answer 38

CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES POSTMODERNISM Suggests ‘white wannabes’ which are young while working class males who adopt styles and language of black culture.

Question 39

Phillips et al

Answer 39

NATIONAL IDENTITIES Suggests the national curriculum supports the ideology of nationalism and that history lessons are a key factor in creating national identity

Question 40

Schuden

Answer 40

NATIONAL IDENTITIES Suggests that all British people are socialised into a common national culture and identity through various means. E,g, common language, education, symbols, mass media etc

Question 41

Kumar

Answer 41

NATIONAL IDENTITIES Suggests that unlike Scots, Welsh and Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are and that English national identity is elusive. Developed sense of ‘missionary nationalism’. Quest to expand Britishness may have diluted Englishness.

Question 42

Cashmore and Troyna (national identities)

Answer 42

Suggests that young black migrants responded to racism in different ways by asserting cultural identities which were different to the culture of white British youths.

Question 43

Hewitt

Answer 43

NATIONAL IDENTITIES Suggests that Britain has seen a ‘white backlash’ from the white working classes against what they perceive to be preferential treatment of ethnic minorities. = new form of white British nationalism or identity in Britain. Backlash has occurred in the education system

Question 44

Hall (national identity)

Answer 44

Countries display 3 reactions to globalisation including cultural homogenisation, cultural hybridity and cultural resistance.

Question 45

Cultural homogenisation

Answer 45

Accept a global culture, and all countries will become similar

Question 46

Cultural hybridity

Answer 46

Take in some parts of global culture and develop a new but still individual culture

Question 47

Cultural resistance

Answer 47

Resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic

Question 48

Fairweather and Rogerson

Answer 48

NATIONAL IDENTITIES Suggests that cultural homogenisation is occurring due to computer software, advertising, antisocial behaviour, digital communication.