Eukaryotes Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
Made up of protists, fungi, animal and plant cells. They have true nucleus’ as their organelles have membranes
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Q
Cytosol
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Cytoplasmic solution around organelles used for energy metabolism, and molecular sythesis
3
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Plasma membrane
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Formed from a variety of proteins that:
Help things in and out of the cell
Act as receptors
Act as markers so that the immune system knows not to kill them
4
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Plasma membrane receptors
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Recognize and bond to other molecules. Sometimes other cells
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Cell wall
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Forms on the outside of the plasma membrane (extracellular). Is not in animal cells
6
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Nucleus
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Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope
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Lamins
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The think protein layer that lines and reenforces the nuclear envelope
8
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Nuclear envelope
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A structure that contains both membranes of the nuclear wall and the nuclear pores
9
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Nuclear pore complex
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100’s in the nucleus. Made up of nuclioporins
10
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Nucleoporins
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Large, octagonal cylindrical structures made from proteins. Exchange components between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Make sure only the good things enter
11
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Nuclear pore
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A channel thru the NPC. Allows for assisted exchange of RNA and protiens
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Transport protiens
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AKA shuttles carry RNA/proteins called the cargo through the nuclear pores
13
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Nuclear localization signal
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A short amino acid code that allows a specific protein to bond with it and carry it to the nucleus
14
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Example of nuclear localization signal
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An enzyme for replicating and repairing DNA
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Nucleoplasm
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A liquid/semiliquid in the nucleus
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Chromatin
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A combination of DNA and proteins. Take up most of the nucleus’ space.
17
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Hereditary information
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Distributed along many linear strands of DNA
18
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Eukaryotic chromosome
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1 complete DNA molecule and its associated proteins
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DNA lengths in the 2 cell types
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Eukaryotic is 2-10m, prokaryotic is 1.5m
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Nucleoli
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One or more in a cell. Form around the genes coding for rRNA.
21
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rRNA to ribosome progression
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RNA genes- rRNA molecules (and proteins)- ribosomal subunits- travel to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pore (add mRNA)- ribosome
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Ribosome
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Large and small subunit. Same function as prokaryotic ribosomes. Bigger and have 4 rRNA molecules and 80+ proteins
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Ribosomes can be
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Suspended in cytosol, or attach to a membrane
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Suspended in the cytosol products location
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Proteins may stay in the cytoplasm, go to the nucleus, mitochondria, or cytoskeleton
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Nuclear proteins
Part of the chromatin. Line the nuclear envelop or nucleoplasm solution
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Proteins made by ribosomes attached to a membrane go...
Most of them attach to an ER allowing them to travel to different organelles
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Endo membrane system
Internal, membranous sacs that divide the cell.
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Endo membrane system jobs
Synthesis of proteins and lipids, modification of proteins and destroying toxins
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Endomembrane system connection
Either physical or by vessicles
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Vessicles
Small membrane bound compartments that transfer substances
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Endomembrane system includes the
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes, vesicles and plasma membrane
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Inter connected network of membranous channels and vesicles (cisternae)
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Rough ER
Many ribosomes stud the outside.
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Protein made on the rough ER transport path
Travel to the ER lumen- fold into its final form- sometimes chemical modification- transport in vesicles through the cytosol- stop at Golgi complex- chemical modification?-final destination
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Cisternae
A single membrane that surrounds the ER lumen
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Outer membrane of nuclear envelope
Rough, connected with the rough ER,
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Proteins made on nuclear envelope progression
Go between the two layers of the membrane- travel into the ER- final location
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Smooth ER
No ribosomes. Produces lipids for cell membrane. Connected to the rough ER
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Liver cells smooth ER
Turns toxins such as alcohol into substances that can be digested or removed
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ER proportions
That of what the cell is required to make. More protein needed more rough ER. More lipids needed more smooth ER
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Golgi complex
S stack of flattened stack called cisternae without ribosomes. 3-8 disks per cell, and are located between the rough ER and the plasma membrane
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Protein to chemical modification process
A protein goes the the Golgi complex in a vesicle from the ER, the vesicle bonds with the cis face and deposits the protein for chemical modification
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Cis face
Side of the golgi that faces the nucleus
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Chemical modifications
Removing amino acids, adding functional groups, adding lipid or carbohydrates
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Golgi to final destination progression
The protein travels to the trans side and a vesicle picks it up and brings it to the destination which its modifications say (act as a postage stamp)
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Secretory vessicles
Transport proteins to the plasma membrane using exocytosis
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Exocytosis
Vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane and dumps its load outside the cell. The vesicle becomes part of the membrane
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What do vesicles carry?
Hormones, neurotransmitters, waste, toxins, enzymes
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Endocytosis
Brings an outside molecule in. The plasma membrane forms a pocket leading to the endocytic vesicle, the vesicle traves to the Golgi complex for sorting (lysosome in animal cells)
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Lysosomes
Small membrane bound vesicles that break down lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Many different shapes
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Central vacuoles are only
In animal and plant cells
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How are lysosomes formed?
By budding Golgi. A hydrolytic enzyme is formed in the ER, modified in the ER lumen and vesicles bring it to the lysosome
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How burst lysosomes don't kill the cell
The hydrolytic enzyme only lives in acidic conditions which a lysosome is. The cells cytosol is slightly basic which kills the enzyme
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Lysosomal enzymes
Digest several types of food through endocytosis
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Endocytosis
When a endocytic vessel fuses with a lysosome
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Autophagy
A process of digesting not functional organelles. A large membrane surrounds the dead organelle with a lysosome inside, where the hydrolytic enzyme kills it
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Phagocytosis
The process of a cell engulfing a bacteria or debris and destroying it. Executed by hydrolytic enzymes
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What cells use phagoctyosis
White blood cells called phagocytes
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Lysosomal storage disease
A genetic condition where the hydrolytic enzyme is absent. Substrate of the enzyme build up and interferes with cell function
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Tyasachs disease
A failure of the CNS to produce an enzyme to break down fatty acids. Is fatal
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Mitochondria
Membrane bound organelles where cellular respiration occurs. Most of our bodies oxygen goes here
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Cellular reparation
THe process of breaking down energy rich molecule into H2O and CO2. Mainly ATP is made
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Mitochondria are enclosed by
outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Outer mitochondrial membrane
Smooth, covers the outside of the oragnelle
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Inner mitochondrial membrane
Expanded by folds called cristae
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Mitochondrial matrix
Inner part of the mitochondria, ATP creating reactions occur here (and in the cristae), contains DNA and ribosomes similar to bacteria
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Cytoskeleton
Gives shape and organization to cells by reinforcing the plasma membrane and structures in the cell, most developed in animal cells
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Cytoskeleton apperiance
A system of fibers and tubes that extend into the cytoplasm
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Cytoskeleton includes
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
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Plant support
Some cytoskeleton. Mostly the cell wall and central vacuole
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Microtubules
The largest and is made from the protein tubulin. Made up of 13 protein fibers
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Microtubules measurements
25 nm outer diameter, 15nm inner diameter, 200nm-mm in length
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Filament
Linear polymer of tubulin dimer arranged in a head to tail manor creating polarity
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Tubulin dimer
Consists of a alpha and beta tubulin bonded non covalently. Create a 1+ and 2- end
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1+
Has a alpha tubulin subunits at the end of the microfilament
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2-
Has a beta tubulin subunits at the end of the microfilament
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Changing length
Tubulin dimers are added of removed from the filament asymmetrically (often more from the 1+ end)
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Cell center (centrosome)
Where animal cytoskeleton microtubules radiate from
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Centrolies
2 short barrel structures also formed from microtubules
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Intermediate filaments
Made from a variety of intermediate filament proteins, extend from the cells center, and are the same shape as microtubules
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Intermediate filament example
Karyotin that makes our nail are hair is from cytokeratin
| Lamins that line the nuclear envelope
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The free end of microtubules anchor to
the ER, golgi complex, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the mitochondria
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Jobs of microtubules
Provide a track for vesicles to follow, sperate and move chromosomes during cell division, move animal cells, and determine the orientation for growth of an new cell wall
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Motor proteins
Push and pull against microtubules and microfilaments to cause animal cells to move
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How motor proteins work
One is firmly attached to the cell structure while the other one walks on the microfilament or tubule using ATP
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Myosins
Motor proteins that walk on microfilaments
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Dynein and kinesins
Motor proteins that walk on microtubules
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Intermediate filament size
8-12 nm
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Intermediate filaments occur...
Singly, in parallel bundles and interlinked networks. They can be alone, with microtubules, microfilaments, of both. Only in multicellular organisms
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Intermediate filaments job
Cell support
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Microfilaments
Smallest and are made from 2 polymers of actin subunits wound together
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Microfilaments measurements
5-7nm
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Actin subunits
Asymmetrical in shape, but are oriented the same way. Polar and have a 1+ and 2- end
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1+ end
Growth and disassembly occurs more rapidly
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Purpose of microfilaments
Structure and locomotive. 1/2 components that cause muscles to contract. Help divide the cytoplasm in cell division
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Cytoplasmic streaming
Active flowing of the cytoplasm allowing for transport of nutrients, proteins, and organelles
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Flagella and cilia
Elongated slender, motile structures off the cells surface. A bundle of 9+2 microtubules that arise from the centriole and extend out base to tip
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Flagella
Propel the cell with their oar like movements
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Cilia
Shorter and are there are more per cell. They move fluid over the cells surface
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9 +2
9 double microtubules surround 2 single microtubules
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Dynein motor protiens
They slide the 9+2 complex over each other to provide movement
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Centriole structure
Similar to the 9+2 except their is no 2 and the 9 is triple instead of double
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Formation of flagella and cillia
Centriole moves near the plasma membrane, 2-3 microtubules from each triplet grow, the 2 singles grown without direct connection to the centriole microtubules
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Basal body
The centriole the flagellum is connected to
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Where are flagella
On protozoa, algae, animal cells (sperm), reproductive plant cells
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Where are cilia
Protozoa, algae, cell linings of cavities, ventricles, oviducts, air passages to the lungs (to sweep contaminants out)
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Eukaryotic flagellum
Same function, different genes that encode theflagellar apparatus
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Types of flagella are
Analogues but not homogenous suggesting that they evolved independently
