Eukaryotes pt. 2

Question 1

Where can you locate eukaryote ribosomes?

Answer 1

A. Freely in cytoplasm
B. attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum
C. within the mitochondria

Question 2

What makes up eukaryote ribosomes and are they similar to bacterial ribosomes?

Answer 2

A. They are made of RNA and proteins; made of small and large subunit
B. No, this is good due to ABX**?

Question 3

What is the function of the ribosome?

Answer 3

Site of protein synthesis

Question 4

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 4

Anchors organelles, moves vesicles, shape, movement

Question 5

What are the 3 types of cytoskeletons?

Answer 5

1. Actin Filaments
2. Microtubules
3. Intermediate filaments

Question 6

What are the properties of actin filaments?

Answer 6

basically the cell membrane; used for movement, thin layer, semi-flexible

Question 7

What are the types of micro-tubules?

Answer 7

Spindle fibers, cilia, flagella; they’re stiff, rod-like

Question 8

What is the function of the intermediate filaments?

Answer 8

Structural support of the nuclear envelope

Question 9

What are the 3 eukaryote microorganisms?

Answer 9

1. Fungi
2. protists
3. helminths

Question 10

Name the 2 groups of fungi.

Answer 10

1. Macroscopic, i.e. Mushrooms(multicellular)

2. Microscopic, i.e. molds(typically unicellular)

Question 11

What are the different types of microscopic fungi?

Answer 11

A. Yeast morphology = oval shaped, asexual reproduction
B. Hyphae morphology= threadlike shape
C. Dimorphic morphology= transform from yeast to hyphae and back

Question 12

What are mycoses?

Answer 12

diseases caused by fungus

Question 13

How do fungi obtain energy?

Answer 13

All are heterotrophic; need organic compounds for carbon and energy

Question 14

There are some fungi that are saprobes, what does that mean?

Answer 14

They decompose remains from dead plants and animals

Question 15

There are some fungi that are parasites, what does that mean?

Answer 15

Lives in/on a host to get nutrition

Question 16

How do fungi decompose substances?

Answer 16

they secrete enzymes that can break down all sorts of substances (feathers, hair, cellulose, petroleum, wood, rubber, etc.)

Question 17

What are Vegetative hyphae?

Answer 17

They are surfaced and submerged filaments; digest, absorb, distribute nutrients from substrate (think moldy bread)

Question 18

What is the function of repoductive hyphae?

Answer 18

It produces spores

Question 19

What do spores do?

Answer 19

They settle on substrate to make germ tubes

*germ tubes becomes hyphae

Question 20

What makes up one fungal colony?

Answer 20

5000 Hyphae which equals 2000 spores/hyphae

Question 21

What is the primary mode of reproduction for fungi?

Answer 21

Spore formation

Question 22

What are the types of asexual spore formation

Answer 22

1. Asexual spore formation
   a. Sporangiospores
   b. Conidiospores

Question 23

What is Asexual spore formation?

Answer 23

mitosis of a single parent cell

Question 24

What is sporangiospores?

Answer 24

Sac-like structure called sporangium ruptures, releasing spores

Question 25

What is conidiospores?

Answer 25

Free spores, not enclosed by a sac. Form by pinching off or segmentation

Question 26

What happens during sexual spore formation?

Answer 26

Fusing 2 parent nuclei then meiosis | -Usually for fungi of different genetic makeup combine

Question 27

How many different fungi cause disease?

Answer 27

300; The CDC monitors 3 different types of fungal disease

Question 28

What are the 3 main fungal diseases that the CDC monitors? What symptoms do they cause?

Answer 28

- Community acquired (natural environment) - Hospital-acquired (clinical environments) - Opportunistic pathogens (weakened patient) * Allergies, skin infections, lung infections * Fungus ball (aspergillus)

Question 29

Why do I care about fungi?

Answer 29

- They make antimicrobials - Saccharomyces (wine, beer, bread) - Decompose material to enrich soil - Helps plants roots, but also contributes to 40% of yearly crop destruction - Used in foods- blue cheese, pizza toppings, soy sauce, etc. - 80 species normally inhabits your body with no ill effect

Question 30

Why are fungal infections so difficult to treat?

Answer 30

They have harsh side effects because the human body is like a huge eukaryote cell. We are compatible to fungus.

Question 31

What are the different types of protists?

Answer 31

A. Algae B. Protozoa C. Helminths

Question 32

What is algae? | How are the cells composed?

Answer 32

- photosynthetic organisms | - Can be unicellular/colonial/filamentous

Question 33

Give a brief description of Protozoa.

Answer 33

Mostly single cells, have all the eukaryotic organelles - Heterotrophic and can be free-living or parasitic * *Two layers of cytoplasm

Question 34

What are the protozoa layers of cytoplasm

Answer 34

1. Ectoplasm- clear outer layer for movement feeding and protection 2. Endoplasm- granular inner layer: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole

Question 35

Do protozoa have a cell wall?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

How do protozoa move?

Answer 36

Flagella, cilia, or pseudopods

Question 37

What is the protozoa life cycle?

Answer 37

It changes from the active feeding stage, trophozoite, to the resting stage called cyst.

Question 38

What are helminths and do you need a microscope to see them?

Answer 38

A. Tapeworms, flukes, roundworms B. Yes, they're 25m-1mm, they still infect humans

Question 39

How do helminths acquire a host?

Answer 39

They are found in contaminated food, soil, water, animals

Question 40

How do helminths infect humans?

Answer 40

They are either ingested or they penetrate the skinq

Question 41

What are the 2 body classifications of helminths?

Answer 41

Flatworms-thin, segmented body Roundworms-long, cylindrical, unsegmented **both have digestive, nervous, muscular, reproductive, and excretory systems

Question 42

What are the two types of flatworms?

Answer 42

Cestodes-tapeworm; long ribbon | Trematodes-flukes; flat oval bodies

Question 43

What is the life cycle like for helminths?

Answer 43

Fertilized egg-->larva-->adult stages | Reproduce sexually in the host body

Question 44

How do the different types of Helminths sexually reproduce?

Answer 44

Nematodes- Separate sexes Trematodes- separate sexes or hermaphroditic (produces both male and female gametes) Cestodes- Hermaphroditic

Question 45

What is the concept of hygiene hypothesis?

Answer 45

Because of lack of exposure, allergies and autoimmune disorders are more common

Question 46

What are examples of microscopic and macroscopic algae

Answer 46

-microscopic = diatoms or macroscopic members= seaweed and kelp

Question 47

How can algae be harmful to humans

Answer 47

Does not cause disease | -We consume algae when we eat aquatic life which can cause neurological, skin, and gastrointestinal problems