Metabolism pt. 2

Question 1

What happens in the oxidation and reduction process?

What happens to the energy of the donor/acceptor?

Answer 1

the oxidized donor gives e- to reduced agent acceptor

-Donor becomes less energy rich, acceptor becomes more rich (increases with each electron)

Question 2

What makes up ATP?

Answer 2

A nitrogen base: Adenine
A 5-C sugar: Ribose
Three phosphate groups
** ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate

Question 3

What is catabolism?

Answer 3

The first step of the use of energy.

-The processing of nutrients (usually glucose)

Question 4

What are the three Catabolism pathways?

Answer 4

A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic
C. Fermentation

Question 5

What organisms use Aerobic respiration?

Answer 5

Mainly used by heterotrophic aerobic and facultative anaerobes (Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals)

Question 6

What are the steps of Aerobic respiration?

Answer 6

1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb Cycle
3. Electron transport chain

Question 7

What does Aerobic respiration need to make ATP?
What does it make?
What does it use as its reducing agent?

Answer 7

Oxygen and glucose; makes CO2 and ATP

**Needs oxygen as the final acceptor for electrons

Question 8

What organisms use Anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

Mainly used by anaerobic heterotrophic microorganisms

Bacteria, Archaea

Question 9

What are the steps of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 9

The same as Aerobic

1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

Question 10

What does anaerobic respiration need to make ATP

What does it use as its reducing agent?

Answer 10

Oxidized compounds and Glucose; makes CO2 and energy

** oxidized compounds are the electron acceptor

Question 11

What organisms use Fermentation?

Answer 11

Mainly used by facultative and aerotolerant anaerobic microorganisms (Bacteria, Eukaryotes like yeasts and your muscles)

Question 12

What are the steps to Fermentation?

Answer 12

1. Glycolysis

2. Fermentation

Question 13

What is the first step for almost all organisms?

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

What does fermentation need to make ATP

What does it use as its reducing agent?

Answer 14

Glucose and organic compounds; It makes CO2, ATP, acids, and alcohol
-Organic compounds are the electron acceptor

Question 15

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

Answer 15

In the cytoplasm (in prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

Question 16

During glycolysis, the process needs __ ATP molecules to produce _____, _____, & ______

Answer 16

Needs 2 ATP molecules to produce:
4 ATP which stay in the cytoplasm for cell use
2 NADH which goes to ETC
2 pyruvic acid which goes to mitochondrial matrix

Question 17

Where does the Kreb cycle occur?

Answer 17

In the cytoplasm of bacteria

In the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes

Question 18

What happens during the Kreb cycle?

Answer 18

Pyruvic acid transfers electrons to NADH and becomes Acetyl CoA

Question 19

What is the product of the Kreb cycle and why can it do 2 full cycles?

Answer 19

Because there is 2 pyruvic acid molecules, the cycle can run twice to create:

1. 8 NADH which goes to ETC
2. 2 FADH2 which also goes to ETC
3. 2 ATP

Question 20

Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) take place?

Answer 20

In cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria

in inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes

Question 21

What happens in the ETC?

Answer 21

Redox carriers (proteins) get electrons from reduced carriers (NADH); those electrons move down a series of molecules

Question 22

What is consumed in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 22

Oxygen(aerobic) or Oxygen species (anaerobic),

Question 23

How much ATP is produced in the ETC?

Answer 23

Depends on the final electron carrier

Question 24

What is the overall amount of ATP generated from Aerobic respiration?

Answer 24

4 made from glycolysis
2 made from Kreb cycle
34 made from ETC
-2 used in Glycolysis
38 net ATP*

Question 25

How much CO2 was made?
How much O2 was used?
How much H20 was made from aerobic respiration?

Answer 25

6 CO2 from Kreb
6 O2 used in ETC
6 net H20

Question 26

Why is Aerobic respiration more efficient at producing ATP over anaerobic?

Answer 26

bc oxygen is a great electron acceptor; oxygen containing species are less effective

Question 27

Whats the difference between anaerobic respiration when compared to aerobic respiration?
What are the compounds used?

Answer 27

Uses oxygen containing species as the final electron acceptor in the ETC (Nitrate NO3- and Nitrite NO2-)

Question 28

What is the final product of fermentation?

Answer 28

Incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absense of oxygen

• Only produces ATP from Glycolysis, so speeds up very fast to compensate
• Poduces acids and alcohols

Question 29

What are the 3 pathways of fermentation and how do they use pyruvic acid?

Answer 29

1. Alcoholic= pyruvic acid converts to ethanol, CO2, NAD
2. Acidic= convert pyruvic acid to Lactic acid
3. Mixed acid= pyruvic becomes Acetic, Lactic, succinic, and formic acids

Question 30

What is anabolism?

Answer 30

Small molecule (monomers) are made into larger molecules (Polymers)
-consumes energy (endergonic reaction)

Question 31

What are precursor metabolites?

Answer 31

carbon skeletons that can be made into many different monomers