Eukaryotic cells Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are prokaryotes
Single celled organisms, mostly bacteria and Archaea, bacteria usually 1-5 micrometers long
What are Eukaryotes
Multi-celled organisms, mostly 10-100 micrometers
What do all cells have in common?
A selective barrier called a plasma membrane, DNA and ribosomes
Where are the subcellular components of the cell?
In a semifluid, jellylike substance called the cytosol
Difference between pro and Eu?
*Dna of Eu in a nuclear membrane found in nucleus, bounded by a double membrane. DNA of pro in a concentrated region without a membrane called a nucleoid. Pros have regions with specific interactions
Interior of the cell
Cytoplasm
What are the smallest bacteria called?
Mycoplasms, size between 0.1 and 1 micrometer
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of membranous sacs and tubes, involved in membrane and other metabolic synthesis and processes. Rough and smooth
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane, perforated with pores, continuous with ER
Nucleolus
nonmembranous structure involved in the production of ribosomes, can have one or more nucleoli
Chromatin
Consists of DNA and proteins
Golgi apparatus
organelle in charge of synthesis, modification, sorting and secretion of cell products.
Lysosome
organelles where macromolecules are hydrolysed
Peroxisome
Produces H2O2 as a by product which then gets converted into H2O
Centrosome
region where centrioles are found, produces microtubules (other filaments immediate and microfilaments)
Central vacuole
Found in plan cells, used for storage and breakdown of wastes and hydrolysis of macromolecules, enlargement of vacuole is crucial to plant growth
Plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic channels that run through cell walls and connects to other cells’ cytoplasms.
sa:v ratio
As cell size increases, the v and sa increases. For multicellular organisms, the number of cells increase, this helps to also increase sa.
Microvilli aid in absorption of nutrient and O2
What structures have the phospholipid bilayer?
Plasma, organelle, chloroplasts, mitochondria
Describe a phospholipid bilayer
It has hydrophobic tails and protein membranes towards the inner membrane and the hydrophilic tails facing the aqueous solutions. There are carbohydrate side chains that are attatched to the proteins and lipids. Many enzymes are built into the membrane
Mitochondria
Has two membranes, outer, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae (increases sa), mitochondrial matrix where enzyme to catalyse the process of ATP are found along with mtDNA and ribosomes. The enzyme for creating ATP are found along the inner membrane walls. It helps in cellular respiration, using O2 to create ATP using fuel sources like sugar, lipids etc. They move around, fuse, divide and form a tubular network. 1-10 micrometers
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis is carried out, converts sunlight into chem energy and using CO2 and H2O to make it. Is part of the plasmid family, has two membranes, the outer membrane, the intermembrane space and the inner membrane. It has fluid filled in the inner membrane called the stroma. The stroma hols the DNA and ribosomes. Inside the membrane it forms the inetrmembrane space, the stroma and the thylakoid space. The thylakoids are stacked like poker chips that form the granum. 2.5micrometers
What is the endosymbiont theory?
Early eukaryotic ancestors engulfed a proteobacteria pro (that used cellular respiration) to form the mitochondria and then a cyanobacteria (pro) to form the chloroplast (photosynthetic).
What are the characteristic that define life?
8.
* Cellular structure
*Homeostasis
*Reproduction
* Metabolism
* Response to stimuli
* Hereditary
* Adaptation for evolution
