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MCAT Biology > Eukaryotic Cells + brain > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells + brain Flashcards

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1
Q

components of cell membrane

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipid/glycoproteins (act as markers)

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2
Q

types of proteins on cell membrane

A

integral protein: integrated throughout entire membrane (channels (down concentration), carrier protein (against concentration)
peripheral protein: on top of membrane (temporary i.e. a hormone)
lipid bound protein: in the middle of membrane, not exposed

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3
Q

tight junction and where they are

A

watertight seal - bladder, intestine, kidney

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4
Q

desmosome, what can pass, where they are

A

water + ions can pass - skin, intestines

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5
Q

gap junction, where they’re found

A

“tunnel” between cells allow water + ions + action potentials to pass - cardiac muscle, neurons

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6
Q

methods of facilitated diffusion

A

voltage gated ion channel, ligand gated ion channel, carrier proteins (uniport, symport, antiport)

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7
Q

catalytic receptor (enzyme linked receptor)

A

ligand binds to receptor which triggers kinase to phosphorylate proteins

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8
Q

method of simple diffusion, what is limiting factor

A

pore

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9
Q

method of active transport

A

primary and secondary active transport (when ATP is used to create a concentration gradient) ex. NA+/K+ ATPase 3Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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10
Q

ion concentrations in relation to cell

A

K+ inside, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ outside

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11
Q

Mechanism of Na+/K+ pump

A

(phosphorylated) 3Na+ bond to pump, ATP becomes ADP to change conformation, 3Na+ released, (not phosphorylated) 2K+ bond to pump, 2K+ released

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12
Q

resting potential of cell

A

-70mV

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13
Q

microtubules, what they are used in, dynamic or not

A

used in mitotic spindle, intracellular organelle transport, eukaryotic cilia (sweep substances) and flagella (move), internal transport in neurons aka axonal transport (synaptic vesicles, proteins
dynamic

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14
Q

intermediate filament, dynamic or not

A

heterogenous composition, permanent cell structure, help resist mechanical stress

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15
Q

microfilament, what it’s made of, dynamic or not

A

movement of cell during cell division, ameboid movement (movement of shape from within cell)
polymerization of actin
dynamic

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16
Q

structure of microtubule, what it is anchored to

A

made of alpha and beta tubulin dimers
sheets of these are rolled up to make tubes
anchored to microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

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17
Q

2 types of MTOC

A

centrosome, basal body

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18
Q

function of centrosome as MTOC, components, processes during replication

A

near nucleus, has 2 centrioles inside
when cell replicates, centrioles replicate and go to opposite sides of cell
microtubules fan out to bind to kinetichore on centromere

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19
Q

basal body, where they are

A

side of cell, anchored to flagellum or cilia

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20
Q

signal sequence/targeting signal means it will go to either

A

lysosome, rough/smooth ER, golgi

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21
Q

you know it will be an integral membrane protein if it

A

has a transmembrane domain

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22
Q

localizing signal means it will go to either

A

nucleus, mitochondria, or peroxisome

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23
Q

what are colligative properties and name 4 examples

A 
property that depends on # of particles
vapor pressure (high vapor pressure means volatile), boiling pt elevation (solutes anchor to solvent and wont evaporate), freezing pt depression, osmotic pressure  (pressure to stop osmosis from happening)
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24
Q

clathrin dependent endocytosis

A

something binds to receptor, after enough receptors are bound, clathrin is recruited underneath to form a clathrin coated pit, which is then endocytosed and uncoated

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25
cell cycle split into 2
interphase + M phase
26
subsets of interphase
G1, S (replicates genome), G2
27
subsets of M phase
Prophase (genome condenses, nucleolus disappears, spindle/kinetochore centrioles go to poles) metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis
28
4 things that contribute to cancer
oncogene, oxidative stress, regenerative capacity, senescence (aging/telomeres)
29
oncogene, what they start off as, what other gene can surpres it
protooncogene, tumor suppressor gene p53 triggers apoptosis
30
apoptosis process, what enzyme contributes to this
cell shrinks, breaks cytoskeleton, cell surface protein signals phages caspases: cysteines cleave at asps initiator caspases respond to signal and clump together to activate effector caspases to cleave
31
order of events in a membrane potential, starting wit voltage gated Na+ channels opening at -50mV
at +35, voltage gated Na+ inactivates, K+ channels open | at under -70 voltage gated K+ channels close
32
saltatory conduction
impulse jumps over Schwann cells by nodes of Ranvier
33
absolute refractory period
neuron cannot fire to do voltage gated Na+ deactivation
34
relative refractory period
greater stimulus is required to stimulate an impulse
35
type of neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction
ACh
36
temporal summation
multiple impulses to add up until they reach threshold
37
spatial summation
impulses from multiple places to add up to moment that exceeds threshold
38
monosynaptic reflex arc
sensory neuron to motor neuron that synapses on muscle
39
reciprocal inhibition
sensory neuron synapses on motor neuron to flex one muscle and inhibitory interneuron to relax other muscle
40
PNS somatic (voluntary) process
CNS to dorsal root ganglion uses ACh on somatic effector
41
``` PNS autonomic (involuntary) process difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic ```
CNS to preganglionic neuron which releases ACh to postganglionic neuron that releases ACh on autonomic NE effector sympathetic: shorter pre + longer post, cell bodies in thoracic/lumbar parasympathetic: longer pre + shorter post, cell bodies in sacral
42
CNS is comprised of
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
43
hindbrain consists of 3 parts
medulla: vital autonomic functions pons: coordinates movement and balance cerebellum: smooth execution of movement, hand-eye coordination
44
midbrain is responsible for
visual and auditory info, responsible for wakefulness
45
forebrain consists of 2 parts
diencephalon: thalamus to process sensory info, hypothalamus to control emotions telencephalon: L side for speech connected by corpus callosum to R side for visual spatial reasoning
46
frontal lobe
voluntary movements, problem solving
47
parietal lobe
sensation + movement
48
temporal lobe
``` auditory, short term memory, emotion, language has hippocampus (memory) and amygdala (emotion) ```
49
occipital lobe
visual
50
basal nuclei
deep inside, voluntary motor control
51
limbic system
emotion and memory amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. The amygdala is the emotion center of the brain, while the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences. The thalamus regulates alertness and sensation processing hypothalamus are associated with changes in emotional reactivity. The cingulate gyrus coordinates smells and sights with pleasant memories, induces an emotional reaction to pain, and helps regulate aggressive behavior. The basal ganglia is a group of nuclei lying deep in the subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes; its functions include organizing motor behavior and coordinating rule-based, habit learning.
52
types of sensory receptors
exteroceptor, interoceptor, mechanoreceptor (vestibular hair cells in ear, pacinian corpuscle for pain), chemoreceptor (olfactory receptors in nasopharynx, taste buds including taste pore and hair), nociceptor, thermoceptor, electromagnetic receptor (photoreceptor)
53
4 things CNS needs to know about a message
modality (type of stimulus), location, intensity (frequency of action potential), duration
54
how does your body adapt to a constant impulse
decrease in firing frequency when intensity of stimulus is constant
55
3 types of propriocepters
awareness of self joint capsule receptor: detects pressure in joints golgi tendon organ: monitor tension in tendon muscle spindle: measure of muscle stretch
56
outer ear consists of
pinna, auditory canal
57
order of events when hearing a sound
1. sound wave vibrates eardrum 2. vibration cross tympanic membrane and moves to malleus, then to incus, then to stapes (bones of middle ear arranged to amplify sound) 3. (semicircular canal, urricle, saccule used for balance, detect rotational acceleration) 4. vibrations in oval window create waves in perilymph and endolymph in cochlea 5. (round window releases extra pressure) 6. endolymph causes vibrations in basilar membrane of cochlea (pitch changes region that vibrates) 7. hairs on cochlea drag across tectorial membrane 8. this opens ion channels in hair cells to release neurotransmitter 9. afferent neurons are stimulated, sending nerve impulse (louder means more frequent action potentials) 10. (eustachian tube goes to back of throat and equalizes pressure)
58
absolute threshold for hearing
50% of sensory receptors activated
59
difference threshold for hearing
percentage difference needed to notice
60
photoreceptors are made of special pigment proteins called, how they work
opsin & retinal | retinal becomes converted to all-trans form, closes Na+ channel, hyperpolarizes
61
macula, what it's used for
center is fovea centralis, has one cone that helps focus on items directly
62
where light is focused, 2 types of cells that make up it and how they translate to vision
cones (light) and rods (darkness) depolarize when dark, release glutamate, bipolar cell synpases on ganglion cell whose axons converge to make optic nerve (optic disk is the blind spot), which goes to the occipital lobe
63
layers of eye
from side: sclera, choroid (dark cells to absorb excess light), retina, vitreous chamber with vitreous humor from front: cornea (clear area that light enters), anterior chamber with aqueous humor, iris with pupil splitting it, posterior chamber (back has lens to fine tune angle of light, controlled by ciliary muscle)
64
name of normal vision, defects in vision
emmetropia myopia: too much curvature, near sightedness (concave fix) hyperopia: not curved enough, far sightedness (convex fix)
65
feature detection theory
different areas of brain activate depend on what we're looking at
66
parallel processing of vision
many aspects of visual information processed simultaneously
67
4 outcomes of signal detection
hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
68
ER lumen most similar to
interior of golgi, interior of secretory vesicles, extracellular environment
69
when does genome of mitochondria and chloroplast replicate
G1 phase (when organelles reproduced)
70
resting membrane potential dictated by
K+ leaky channels | blocking them would make the potential less negative
71
does ATP affect delta G
yes | more negative delta G makes reaction go forwards and ATP hydrolysis helps that
72
the ATP on NA+/K+ ATPase is on which side of membrane
inside | on the K+ side (used to move the Na+ out)
73
which will have a higher ion flux across membrane 1mM | to 10mM or 10mM to 11mM
10mM to 11mM | net flux
74
orbitofrontal cortex
in frontal lobe | emotional impulses, facial expression interpretation, motivation

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