Neurons

Question 1

Role of Hypothalamus

Answer 1

Control center (ADH, oxytocin)
cortisol system -
hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor, stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH, stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which negatively feedbacks onto hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 2

Role of thyroid

Answer 2

metabolism (T3, T4), calcitonin (opposes PTH, release Ca2+)

Question 3

Role of parathyroid

Answer 3

increase calcium in body (PTH)

Question 4

Role of Adrenal Glands

Answer 4

cortex makes steroids (cortisol, aldosterone)

medulla makes catecholamines (makes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 5

Role of gonads

Answer 5

sex hormones for secondary sex traits

Question 6

Role of pancreas

Answer 6

Controls blood sugar w insulin and glucagon

Question 7

autocrine hormones

Answer 7

hormones that affect cell that makes it

Question 8

paracrine hormones

Answer 8

affect cells in its general region

Question 9

endocrine hormones

Answer 9

affect tissue far away

Question 10

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 10

how hypothalamus and pituitary communicate - hypothalamus sends paracrine signals through capillaries

Question 11

GnRH released from where to where to release what and do what

Answer 11

released by hypothalamus to anterior pituitary which releases FSH/LH

Question 12

CRH released from who to where which stimulates release of what for what

Answer 12

from hypothalamus sent to anterior pituitary to release ACTH which stimulates adrenal glands to release hormones

Question 13

TRH released from where affects release of what why

Answer 13

from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary which releases TSH which stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 14

GHRH and what if affects and what it makes it release

Answer 14

hypothalamus sent to anterior pituitary to release growth hormone

Question 15

prolactin inhibitory factor, how often it is released from where, what it triggers

Answer 15

when it stops being released from hypothalamus that’s what triggers anterior pituitary to release prolactin which is involved in milk production in moms

Question 16

ADH and oxytocin similarities in where produced and where sent out and their separate roles

Answer 16

made in hypothalamus, stored/released from posterior pituitary
ADH- stimulates collecting ducts in kidney to retain water
oxytocin- stimulates uterine contractions

Question 17

2 major ways hormone concentration is controlled

Answer 17

metabolized:
extra is uptaken by liver and turned into bile and excreted in digestive system.
some broken down in blood and removed my kidneys
can sweat some out
feedback loop:
T3 and thyroxine from thyroid gland tell pituitary to stop making tsh and hypothalamus to stop making trh

Question 18

3 types of hormone structures, what they’re made of

Answer 18

1. proteins: most of them, range from small to large
   made in RER- golgi- vesicles
   need secondary messengers because can’t enter cell membrane
2. steroids: made of lipids (cholesterol)
   directly affect transcription/translation
3. tyrosine derivatives: can act like both proteins and steroids
   examples: thyroid (act like steroids) and catecholamines (act like hormones)

Question 19

process of secondary messenger works

Answer 19

hormone attaches to receptor
receptor changes shape to activate adjacent G protein alpha unit changing GDP to GTP
alpha subunit activates adenylate cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP (removing 2 phosphates)
alpha subunit falls off to assist protein
cAMP acts in protein activation
GTP hydrolyzed to GDP

Question 20

path from isoprene to steroid

Answer 20

isoprene units make up terpene. squalene is a type of terpene which becomes cholesterol which makes up steroids

Question 21

2 classes of steroids + examples

Answer 21

sex hormones (estradiol, estrone, progesterone, androgens) and adrenal cortex steroids (cortisone, cortisol, aldosterone)

Question 22

order of events in sending an electrochemical signal, starting from voltage gated Ca2+ channel opening

Answer 22

1. voltage gated Ca2+ channel opens
2. influx of Ca2+
3. exocytosis of secretory vesicle
4. release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
5. neurotransmitter binds to ligand gated ion channel
6. ions enter post synaptic cell
7. membrane polarization

Question 23

peptide hormones, how they work, where they’re made, speed of effect, examples

Answer 23

made in RER and golgi
hydrophilic so cannot enter membrane, need secondary messenger cascade
rapid effect, saved in vesicles for use
polypeptide example: insulin, secreted by beta cell of pancreas
amino acid derivative examples: tyrosine used in catecholamines (act like peptide hormone i.e. epinephrine) and thyroid hormone (act like steroid, contain I to enter cell and bind to DNA to activate transcription)

Question 24

hypothalamic pituitary portal system, hormones that travel through them

Answer 24

portal system of 2 capillary beds to control hormones

growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin

Question 25

ion with physiological endpoint

Answer 25

Ca2+ | must be maintained at constant level for homeostasis

Question 26

tropic hormones, who releases them

Answer 26

hormone that regulates hormones | anterior pituitary releases TSH and ACTH