Eukaryotic Genome_Exam 3

Question 1

Every cell with a nucleus contains the same _____

Answer 1

genome

Question 2

Only specific genes are ____ in each cell

Answer 2

expressed

Question 3

_____ genes are encoded by DNA in the Nucleus

Answer 3

21,000

Question 4

Nucleus contains information from ____ & ____

Answer 4

mother/father

Question 5

In the Human genome; the mitochondria has how many genes?

Answer 5

37

Question 6

Nitrogenous base =

Answer 6

Purine or pyrimidine

Question 7

Guanine and Adenine for both DNA and RNA

Answer 7

Purines

Question 8

Thymine and cytosine for DNA; Uracil and Cytosine for RNA

Answer 8

pyrimidines

Question 9

Nucleoside =

Answer 9

Base +Sugar

Question 10

Base + Sugar + Phosphate =

Answer 10

Nucleotide

Question 11

DNA building blocks are made of what 4 bases?

Answer 11

2 purines: A,G

2 pyrimidines: C, T

Question 12

DNA building blocks are held together by ?

Answer 12

complementary pairing

Question 13

DNA building blocks are the backbone of _____

Answer 13

Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)

Question 14

Eukaryotic DNA with unique DNA sequence (genes) they encode for?

Answer 14

proteins

Question 15

Eukaryotic DNA > repeat sequences > Dispersed repetitive > ___ & ____

Answer 15

LINES / SINES

Question 16

Eukaryotic DNA > repeat sequences > Satellite DNA > ___ ____ ____

Answer 16

Alpha (171 bp)
Mini (20 - 70 bp)
micro (2-4 bp)

Question 17

Genes are the complete sequence region necessary for what?

Answer 17

generating a product

Question 18

Genes are located in ____ & in _____

Answer 18

chromosomes & in mitochondria

Question 19

Genes contain ___ and ____ regions

Answer 19

promoters & control regions

Question 20

Euchromatin =

Answer 20

loosely packed

Question 21

Densely packed regions where chromosomes are stored that are genetically inactive?

Answer 21

Heterochromatin

Question 22

Euchromatin is _____ active, and gene sequence available to ____ ____

Answer 22

Transcriptionally; RNA polymerases

Question 23

DNA repeats at chromosome ends that protect it from degradation, this structure is called what?

Answer 23

Telomere

Question 24

This structure, attached during mitotic (M phase) of cell cycle

Answer 24

Centromere

Question 25

Number of chromosome copies in a cell =

Answer 25

ploidy

Question 26

Most cells in the body are ___-

Answer 26

diploid

Question 27

Germ cells (____ & ____) are ____ (1 copy)

Answer 27

sperm & oocytes; are haploid

Question 28

Haploid genome has ____ bp

Answer 28

3 billion

Question 29

haploid genome has ___ chromosomes (__ somatic, __ sex)

Answer 29

23, 22, 1

Question 30

Haploid genome has enough DNA to code for ____ genes

Answer 30

1.5 million genes

Question 31

Haploid genome really only codes for about ____ - ____ genes

Answer 31

20,000 - 25,000

Question 32

____ - collection of all proteins expressed by organism, much larger number than protein encoding genes

Answer 32

proteome

Question 33

___ - influence mRNA expression

Answer 33

microRNAs

Question 34

_____ - Alternative splicing of mRNA

Answer 34

posttranscriptional modifications

Question 35

____ - acetylation of histone proteins

Answer 35

histone acetylation

Question 36

____ - methylation of cytosine residues in DNA

Answer 36

DNA methylation

Question 37

These are Arginine & lysine - rich basic proteins. They have positive charge on AA that helps bind to negative charge on DNA sugar phosphate

Answer 37

Histones

Question 38

Acetylation of lysine weakens _____ which make it easier for ____ factors to access

Answer 38

DNA-histone interaction; transcription

Question 39

Acetylation/Deactylation of lysine occurs by what?

Answer 39

Histone acetyl transferases (HATs)

Question 40

This makes interactions tighter & is associated with gene silencing

Answer 40

Histone deacetylase (HDAC)

Question 41

Hypomethylation - genes are ____

Answer 41

on

Question 42

hypermethylation - genes are ____

Answer 42

off

Question 43

Acetylation histones gene expression is ____

Answer 43

on

Question 44

Deacetylation histones gene expression is ___

Answer 44

off

Question 45

Epigenetics: stable changes to a gene structure, without changing what?

Answer 45

DNA sequence

Question 46

Epigenetics ____ gene expression

Answer 46

alter

Question 47

Alterations in gene expression due to epigenetics can be what?

Answer 47

passed down through generations (genetic imprinting)

Question 48

Epigenetics are controlled by what?

Answer 48

- methylation of cytosines | - tissue - specific chromatin alterations (acetylation)

Question 49

____ are influenced by what you eat

Answer 49

epigenetics

Question 50

____ ____ during pregnancy impacts gene expression

Answer 50

food consumption