Translation_Exam3

Question 1

Each codon contains ____ nucleotides that code for a specific AA

Answer 1

3

Question 2

Genetic condons for mRNA

Answer 2

A,G,C,U

Adenine, Guanine, cytosine, uracil

Question 3

____ codons total

Answer 3

64

Question 4

Genetic code always read

Answer 4

5’-3’

Question 5

Stop codons are

Answer 5

UAG, UGA and UAA

Question 6

___ codons code for AA

Answer 6

61

Question 7

Characteristics of the genetic code

Answer 7

Specificity, Universality, Degeneracy, Nonoverlapping

Question 8

Codon always codes for a ____

Answer 8

specific amino acid

Question 9

Multiple codons codr for same

Answer 9

AA

Question 10

Code read as _____ sequence from start to stop

Answer 10

continuous

Question 11

1 nucleotide in codon is changed, but still codes for same AA

Answer 11

silent mutation

Question 12

change in 1 nucleotide codes for a different AA

Answer 12

Missense Mutation

Question 13

Change in 1 nucleotide codes for stop codon instead

Answer 13

Nonsense Mutation

Question 14

This may change characteristics of resulting protein

Answer 14

missense mutation

Question 15

sickle cell anemia is an example of

Answer 15

missense mutation

Question 16

causes truncated proteins

Answer 16

nonsense mutation

Question 17

3 base units repeated in tandem may be amplified. Too many repeats are added, so final protein has extra copies of AA.

Answer 17

Trinucleotide repeat expansion

Question 18

mutations may alter where/how introns are removed from pre-mRNA

Answer 18

splice site mutations

Question 19

Addition or removal of 1 or 2 bases causes a shift in the reading frame.

Answer 19

frame-shift mutations

Question 20

With frame-shift mutations, if 3 bases are lost, protein is missing what?

Answer 20

AA

Question 21

Cystic fibrosis is missing what?

Answer 21

phenylalanine (frame-shift mutation)

Question 22

Ribosomes contain 3 binding sites for tRNA

Answer 22

A-site
P-site
E-site

Question 23

A-site =

Answer 23

binds aminoacyl-tRNA

Question 24

P-site =

Answer 24

contains peptidyl - tRNA

Question 25

E-site =

Answer 25

contains empty tRNA as it exits ribosome

Question 26

synthesize proteins for cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria and peroxisomes

Answer 26

free ribosomes

Question 27

synthesize proteins for ER, golgi complex, lysosomes, or exported from cell

Answer 27

Rough ER

Question 28

Eukaryotes contain ____ ribosomes

Answer 28

80s (60s/40s)

Question 29

carry specific AA & recognize codon for that AA

Answer 29

adapter molecule

Question 30

____ tRNA in humans

Answer 30

50

Question 31

tRNA uses ___ to attach AA

Answer 31

ATP

Question 32

mRNA read

Answer 32

5' - 3'

Question 33

____ is flipped 3'-5' to pair, but always written 5'=3'

Answer 33

Anticodon

Question 34

The ability for tRNA to recognize multiple codons for single AA is known as?

Answer 34

Wobble Hypothesis

Question 35

In the Wobble hypothesis, the first base in anticodon can pair with different basses in....

Answer 35

third position of codon

Question 36

Wobble hypothesis is the reason why we have ___ tRNAs to read ____ codons

Answer 36

50, 61

Question 37

this step in translation is the assembly of translation system: ribosomal subunits, mRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA for first codon, energy,

Answer 37

Initiation

Question 38

Initiation codon =

Answer 38

AUG

Question 39

AUG codes for

Answer 39

methionine

Question 40

Elongation: 1. additon of AA to ____ end of growing chain

Answer 40

carboxyl

Question 41

Elongation: 2. Ribosomes move from ____ end of ___

Answer 41

5'-3' end of mRNA

Question 42

Elongation: 3. Next AA to be translated is brought to ___ of ribosome by ____

Answer 42

A-site, tRNA

Question 43

Elongation: 4. Peptide bonds are formed by _____-____

Answer 43

peptidyl-transferase (type of rRNA in 60s subunit)

Question 44

Elongation: 5. Ribosome is ____ to next codon after addition of ___. This step requires ____ Unchanged tRNA moves to ___ before release.

Answer 44

translocated AA GTP E-site

Question 45

Termination: When UAA, UAG or ____ reaches the A-site of the ribosome a release factor controls release of ____ ____, _____ and ____

Answer 45

UGA Polypeptide chain Ribosome tRNA

Question 46

Inhibits initiation and causes misreading

Answer 46

Streptomycin (antibiotics and protein synthesis)

Question 47

Binds to 30s subunit and prohibits aminoacyl-tRNAs from binding

Answer 47

Tetracycline (antibiotics and protein synthesis)

Question 48

Binds to 50s subunit and inhibits translocation

Answer 48

Erythromycin (antibiotics and protein synthesis)

Question 49

compounds are bonded onto the protein =

Answer 49

covalently modified

Question 50

this can occur while they are still attached to ribosome or after completion

Answer 50

posttranslational modification of proteins

Question 51

With trimming, proteins secreted from cell are not ____ until part of the ____ is removed

Answer 51

functional, protein

Question 52

Posttranslational modifications of proteins, with trimming uses

Answer 52

proteases

Question 53

Trimming in cell happens where?

Answer 53

ER, golgi complex

Question 54

Pancreatic zymogens are trimmed

Answer 54

after secretion

Question 55

With covalent modifications, addition of phosphate to serine & threonine is called

Answer 55

phosphorylation

Question 56

Covalent modifications with phosphorylation, proteins are catalyzed by protein ____ and reversed by _____

Answer 56

kinases and phosphatases

Question 57

____ addition of sugars (carbs) yielding _____

Answer 57

glycoslyation, glycoproteins

Question 58

____= bound to hydroxyl of serine or threonine

Answer 58

O-linked

Question 59

____ = bound to amide of asparagine

Answer 59

N-linked

Question 60

Glycosylation occurs in ___ and/or ___

Answer 60

golgi complex and/or ER

Question 61

Glycosylation makes proteins more ____

Answer 61

specific (recognition sites)

Question 62

This is the addition of +OH group to proline and lysine in collagen

Answer 62

Hydroxylation

Question 63

Hydroxylation requires what?

Answer 63

vitamin C

Question 64

_____ is required for coboxylation of proteins in clotting and bone formation

Answer 64

Vitamin K

Question 65

This occurs on lysine in histones

Answer 65

Acetylation

Question 66

Often hydroxylated ____ (_____) has a sugar attached to it in collagen

Answer 66

Lysine (hydroxylysine)