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AP European History > Euro review > Flashcards

Euro review Flashcards

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1
Q

Henry VIII passed the _______ Act in ____

A

The Treason Act in 1534, which allowed for citizens to be killed if they didn’t recognize the Anglican Church as the official state religion.

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2
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella established the __________ in ____

A

The Reconquista in 1492 to drive out Muslim and Jews from Spain and established Catholicism as the official state religion

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3
Q

King Francis I of France passed the _________ __ _______ in ____

A

The Condorcat of Bologna in 1516 between him and Pope Leo X, which then allowed the Pope the right to collect income from the French Catholic Church and France to retain the right to appoint French Catholic leaders.

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4
Q

The Peace of Augsburg of 1555

A

Let individuals in the Holy Roman Empire choose whether their subjects be Lutheran or Catholic.

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5
Q

Bartolomeo de Las Casas:

A

(Spain) Advocated for the fair treatment of indigenous people in the Spanish colonies by the Spanish Jesuits

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6
Q

Mercantilism

A

Calls for a favorable balance of trade and believes that a country should possess more exports than imports

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7
Q

The main effect of the Columbian Exchange was…

A

The shifting of economic centers from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states because of the influx of mineral wealth and the establishment of trading empires.

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8
Q

How did Martin Luther and the Catholic Church’s beliefs contrast?

A

Luther believed that someone’s salvation was by grace alone through faith, while the Catholic Church believed that salvation was earned by faith and good works.

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9
Q

Who championed predestination?

A

John Calvin

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10
Q

What did John Calvin believe?

A

Only by faith was a person saved, but if they were truly elect that salvation would naturally result in good work.

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11
Q

Henry IV implemented the _____ __ ______ in ____

A

The Edict of Nantes in 1578, which allowed for French religious toleration

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12
Q

What were the 4 phases of the 30 Years War:

A

The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625,) the Danish Phase (1625-1630,) the Swedish Phase (1630-1635,) the French Phase (1635-1648.)

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13
Q

The Catholic Reformation started because

A

The CC needed more Catholics than Protestants during the Protestant Reformation

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14
Q

The Council of Trent

A

(1545-1563) Aimed to reform the CC and forge reconciliation with the Protestants. It suppressed simony and forbade the sale of indulgences and also reaffirmed the celibacy of the clergy.

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15
Q

Mannerism emphasized…

A

Distorted figures in art

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16
Q

Baroque emphasized…

A

Highly dramatized and detailed depictions

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17
Q

What were the 2 reasons as to why absolutism emerged?

A

The weakening of the CC because of growing Protestant tolerance and the growth of the merchant class which gravitated towards absolute monarchs and took power away from the landed nobility.

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18
Q

Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in ____

A

1685

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19
Q

Constitutionalism

A

Government system that’s limited by the law, which England heavily practiced.

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20
Q

In order to maintain a balance of power between the 3 of them, Prussia, Russia, and Austria partitioned _______ in ____

A

Poland in 1772

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21
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Proved that Copernicus’ theory of the heliocentric universe was correct

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22
Q

Galen

A

Proposed that the body had 4 types of substances: Black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm

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23
Q

Paracelsus

A

Opposed Galen’s humoral theory and said that chemical imbalances were instead how people got sick

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24
Q

William Harvey

A

Proposed that the circulatory system was one integrated whole

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25
Francis Bacon
Championed inductive reasoning
26
Rene Descartes
Championed deductive reasoning
27
Voltaire
Developed deism
28
David Hume
Developed skepticism
29
John Locke
Believed in natural rights and insisted that the Church and the state remain separate
30
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Wrote the Social Contract and is considered the forerunner of Romanticism
31
Adam Smith
Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" and criticized mercantilist policies of many European nations
32
The Dutch became the dominant maritime power after the __ _____ War
80 Years War (1568-1648)
33
The 7 Years War quickly resulted in...
(1756-1763) The American Revolution
34
What were the 3 causes of the French Revolution?
Economic crises because of Louis XIV's wars and excessive spending, the imbalance of the estates-general, and bread shortages.
35
Who led most of the first phase (the liberal phase) of the French Revolution?
The bourgeoisie
36
When was the march to Versailles?
October of 1789
37
When did the Legislative Assembly replace the National Assembly during the second phase (the radical phase) of the French Revolution?
1790
38
When did Napoleon crown himself emperor of France?
1804
39
What was contained in the Napoleonic Code?
Enlightenment principles like the equality of citizens (men) before the law, religious toleration, and protections of wealth and private property.
40
What were the 5 reasons as to why Britain initiated industrialization?
Its access to raw materials, transportation systems, the rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors, and favorable government policies.
41
When was the Great Exhibition?
1851
42
Industry spread to France around 1815, but France only started to actually industrialize in the...
1830's. This is because France lacked the coal and iron deposits necessary for industrialization.
43
Prussia differed from Britain in terms of industrialization because...
Britain's industrialization was a mix of state-sponsored and privately run, but Prussia's was almost entirely state-sponsored.
44
Why were countries like Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Greece slow when it came to industrializing?
Because they lacked coal and iron deposits.
45
When was the second wave of industrialization?
1870-1914, and was mainly driven by steel, gasoline, and electricity, instead of coal and iron.
46
Industrialization led to a large increase in the demand of ________ _____ in the late 1800's
Consumer goods
47
Edmund Burke
Argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe, and that society should be governed under a small group of elite leaders.
48
Joseph de Maistre:
Conservative who believed that the true political authority must be rooted in religious/moral principles.
49
Klemens von Metternich:
Conservative who initiated the Concert of Europe and believed that nations should be ruled under central governments.
50
All of the Revolutions of 1848 had common similarities like...
Liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed them.
51
Alexander II
Russian leader who emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military.
52
Conservatism
Favored obedience to political authority, believed religion was critical to societal order, unwilling to extend civil liberties and representative governments, wanted to contain liberal and nationalist movements, supported hereditary monarchies.
53
Liberalism
The belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism - the state should not interrupt the forces of economics. Political liberalism - the belief that all people should have basic human rights.
54
Radicalism
Believed in reforming child labor, the poor laws, free trade, educational reform, prison reform, and public sanitation. Shared views of the Chartist movement.
55
Utopian Socialism
Did not believe in private property, believed in introducing equality to social conditions.
56
Marxist Socialism
Accepted belief in the imminent collapse of capitalism and for socialist ownership of the means of production.
57
Revisionist Socialism
Believed Marx's ideas had turned out to be wrong, capitalism did not break down the middle class. The middle class expanded and workers experienced a higher standard of living.
58
Syndicalism
Believed in transferring the ownership and control of the production and distribution to workers unions. Also called anarcho-syndicalism, wanted to abolish the capitalist order.
59
When was the Crimean War?
1853
60
What were the effects of the Crimean War?
The disruption of the balance of power and Concert of Europe, and Britain and Russia mainly withdrew from continental affairs, which let Italy and Germany achieve unification.
61
Realpolitik
Political ideology that emphasizes doing what's necessary as a ruler due to circumstances
62
Keynesian economic system
Argued that government spending is the mechanism which'll increase consumer demand and then lift an economy out of depression.
63
Five Year Plan
Economic policy implemented by Stalin in order to rapidly industrialize the USSR.
64
NATO was formed because of...
American influence on Europe
65
Perestroika
Attempt by Gorbachev to restructure the Soviet economy by introducing some free market elements like private property.
66
What happened after the fall of the USSR in 1991?
Germany was reunited, Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Yugoslavia broke into many ethnically defined states, and the European Union was enlarged by the entry of many new nations.
67
What did Woodrow Wilson address in his Fourteen Points?
Insisted that nations be granted the right of national self-determination that led to calls for independence throughout the world.

AP European History (19 decks)

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