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business 11-13 > EVM END OF TERM > Flashcards

EVM END OF TERM Flashcards

1
Q

Earth’s Crust

A

It floats on the mantle, it forms the surface layer, it is very thin, and it is the most important layer for people. It is made of a variety of rocks, which provides building stone and minerals.

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2
Q

Mantle

A

A thick shell of molten rock. The outer part of the mantle is the source of the magma that reaches the surface of the earth during a volcanic eruption.

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3
Q

Core (inner core and outer core

A

is at the center of the earth, it is hotter than 4000° C.

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4
Q

3 types of rocks

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

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5
Q

IGNEOUS ROCK

A

made when liquid magma cools to form solid rock. Formed by fire associated with volcanic activity.

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6
Q

Types of Igneous Rock

A

Granite – which is made of magma.
Basalt – which is made of lava

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7
Q

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

A

– formed from sediment (small particles of rocks)
Process:
⦁ Breakdown of existing rocks to smaller rocks (weathering).
⦁ Sediments are transported by water and wind (erosion).
⦁ Sediments accumulate into layer by getting pressurized due to the newer deposits on top of them (compaction). Forming layers is cementation (e.g. limestone, sandstone)

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8
Q

METAMORPHIC ROCK

A

type of rock formed by heat and pressure when igneous / sedimentary rock is heated or pressured it changes it metamorphic rock.

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9
Q

What are Mineral?

A

substances obtained by mining.
Iron / Bauxite are abundant whereas gold, tin, copper is rarely found making them more expensive

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10
Q

Mining

A

Human activity that involves extraction or removal of mineral.

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11
Q

Metallic Minerals

A

⦁ Ferrous minerals – Iron
⦁ Nonferrous minerals – Copper – Tin
⦁ Precious Mineral – Gold & Silver

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12
Q

Non-Metallic Minerals

A

⦁ Minerals for agriculture-phosphorus and nitrogen
⦁ Minerals for industry – sulfur
⦁ Minerals for energy – coal, oil, and gas
⦁ Precious gemstone – diamonds

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13
Q

What is mineral reserves

A

a known source of the mineral which has not been yet mined, the mineral is mined in future when needed.

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14
Q

Uses of Rocks and minerals in industrial Processes

A

Chalk – cement Gravel – concrete
Clay – bricks & pottery Sand – glass

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15
Q

IRON VS ALUMINIUM

A

Iron is a widespread mineral and is considered as the raw material of steel.
Aluminum widely used since it is light and less liable to corrosion but weaker than steel

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15
Q

What are the uses of LIMESTONE?

A

⦁ Making cement (greyish)
⦁ Construction of roads
⦁ Cleaning furnace
⦁ Balancing pH of soil
⦁ Building stone

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16
Q

USES OF VARIOUS MINERALS

A

Oil (petroleum) → plastic Iron ore → steel
Uranium → nuclear power
Phosphate → fertilizer
Lead → electricity
Bauxite → aluminum

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17
Q

THERE ARE TWO METHODS SEARCH AND EXTRACTION OF ROCKS AND MINERALS

A

⦁ Open cast/surface mining
⦁ Deep mining

18
Q

PROCESS FOR SURFACE/OPEN CAST MINING

A

⦁ Clear vegetation and remove topsoil.
Break the rock by using explosives
⦁ Use the digger to remove loosed soil.
⦁ Tip the rock or mineral into truck.

19
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE/OPEN CAST MINING

A

⦁ Deforestation
⦁ Rubbish moved by wind causing pollution
⦁ Noise pollution due to the sound of dynamite
⦁ Air pollution due the dust
⦁ Dynamites would kill animals

20
Q

PROCESS OF DEEP MINING

A

⦁ Acquire the geographical survey (Geologist)
⦁ Sinking a vertical shaft for ventilation (supply of air)
⦁ Making a horizontal tunnel
⦁ Extracting minerals by digging either by miners or machines
⦁ Extracting the minerals to put it on the moving train moving it up

21
Q

Impact of all types of mining on environment

A

⦁ Mining leads to surface piles of waste spoiling the beauty of an area.
⦁ After heavy rain, the waste heaps can become unstable and flow down slopes, destroying everything in their path.
⦁ Deforestation and wildlife habitats are cleared to make roads.
⦁ Dust and fumes from chimneys causing air pollution.
⦁ Water pollution due to rivers/streams flowing through old mine site.

22
Q

Disadvantages of Deep Mining

A

⦁ The roof may collapse
⦁ Flooding may occur
⦁ Fire/explosion due to gas
⦁ Miners trapped inside because their route is blocked

23
Q

DEEP MINING AND ITS BAD EFFECT

A

⦁ Usually on miners.
⦁ Suffer from major injuries at work or even death.
⦁ Problems with air supply and a lot of dust cause chest/breathing issues like a disease named silicosis

24
Q

OPEN CAST MINING EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

A

⦁ Affects people nearby with noise/air/visual pollution.
⦁ Source of foreign exchange through exportation of minerals
⦁ Source of income for developing countries

25
Q

Positive Impact of Mining

A

⦁ Source of foreign exchange through exportation of minerals
⦁ Source of income for developing countries
⦁ Job opportunity far better than farming

26
Q

FACTORS DETERMINE EXPLOITATION OF MINERALS

A

⦁ Depletion Rate- The amount of minerals available for mining
⦁ Location: climate/transport –bad climate/good climate. Transport availability
⦁ Price Fluctuations

27
Q

CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENTS DAMAGED BY MINING

A

Means land restoration which is broken down into 2:
⦁ Landscaping
⦁ Landfilling

28
Q

WHAT IS LAND RESTORATION?

A

Restructuring or taking the land back to the way it was before mining

29
Q

Restoration

A

land is restored to what it was before mining

30
Q

Reclamation

A

land is given back to farmers and used for farming activities.

30
Q

Landscaping

A

cover the hole with soil, add fertilizer and plant trees or flowers.

31
Q

Landfilling

A

cover the hole first with rubbish which will decay and cover with soil

32
Q

⦁ What is sustainability?

A

Using resources wisely so the future generation will have something to use.

33
Q

⦁ What is unsustainability?

A

Using resources excessively or wasteful which will prevent the future generation from having any to use.

34
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Type of energy resources from the remains of dead plants and animals formed after millions of years

35
Q

WHAT IS FRACKING?

A

The process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc. so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas.

36
Q

BOOMS:

A

floating inflatable tubes prevent slicks from spreading

37
Q

Detergent:

A

chemicals break up oil into droplet, dispersing larger slicks

38
Q

Skimmer:

A

oil drawn up absorbent belt. Roller scrape and squeeze oil into collecting tank.

39
Q

Double hulled tanks:

A

in case of collision or grounding

40
Q

Monoculture

A

a type of farming that involves cultivating a specific type of crop.

41
Q

Mixed Farming

A

a type of farming that involves of cultivation of crop and rearing of animal in a specific location.

business 11-13 (6 decks)

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