Evolution

Question 1

The genetic change in a population or species over generations

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

Evolutionary processes work at the __________ level

Answer 2

Population

Question 3

___________ is the ongoing process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise

Answer 3

Evolution

Question 4

Species are fixed, permanent forms that do not change over time

Answer 4

Plato & Aristotle

Question 5

Evolution as the refinement of traits that equip organisms to
perform successfully in their environments. Proposed that by
using or not using its body parts, an individual may develop
certain traits that it passes on to its offspring.

Answer 5

Lamarck

Question 6

many naturalists were grappling with the interpretation
of fossils, imprints & remains of organisms that lived in the
past; the idea that some organisms had become extinct was
becoming accepted.

Answer 6

Uncounted Others

Question 7

Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from processes (over long periods of time) just like those happening today in Theory of the Earth

Answer 7

James Hutton

Question 8

popularized Hutton’s view in the nineteenth century in
Principles of Geology.

Answer 8

Charles Lyell

Question 9

an economist who wrote An Essay on the Principle of
Population in 1798, an influential essay on the competition for
limited resources

Answer 9

Thomas Malthus

Question 10

Primed acceptance of the idea of evolution as a process proceeding according to determinable principles

Answer 10

Industrial Revolution

Question 11

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and
animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in the offspring.

Answer 11

Artificial Selection

Question 12

two essential components of artifical selection

Answer 12

variation & heritability

VH

Question 13

_________ was independently conceived of and described by two naturalists, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace, in the mid-nineteenth century

Answer 13

Mechanism for evolution

Question 14

process by which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics; unequal reproductive success individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other traits. Works on individuals to alter the population

Answer 14

Natural Selection

Question 15

Modifications the occur due to natural selection
that fit organisms to their environment

Answer 15

Evolutionary Adaptations

Question 16

given that resources of any environment are limited, the
production of more individuals than the environment can
support leads to a struggle for existence, with only some
offspring surviving in each generation, i.e., those with best
traits to compete for the limited resources.

Answer 16

Fitness

Question 17

Darwin observed that beak shape
varies among finch species. He
postulated that the beak of an
ancestral species had adapted over
time to equip the finches to acquire different food sources.

Answer 17

Darwin’s Finches

Question 18

imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past

Answer 18

Fossils

Question 19

similarity in characteristics
resulting from a shared ancestry

Answer 19

Homologous Structures

Question 20

A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and
living in the same geographic area at the same time. Different
populations of the same species may be geographically
isolated from each other to such an extent that an exchange
of genetic material never or only rarely occurs

Answer 20

Population

Question 21

all the alleles for all the genes in a population at any one time

Answer 21

Gene Pool

Question 22

A change in a populations gene pool over a succession of generations

Answer 22

Microevolution

Question 23

volutionary change above the species level, e.g., the origin
of a new group of organisms through a series of speciation
events & the impact of mass extinctions on diversity

Answer 23

Macroevolution

Question 24

• can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
• not goal directed
• result of environmental factors that vary from place to place and over time

Answer 24

Natural Selection

Question 25

_________ Occurs in populations over generation

Answer 25

Evolution

Question 26

Diversity arises from ___________ and ___________

Answer 26

mutation and recombination MR

Question 27

___________ in animals and plants average about 1 in every 100,000 genes per generation. For these organisms, low mutation rates, long time spans between generations, and diploid genomes prevent most mutations from significantly affecting genetic variation from one generation to the next.

Answer 27

Mutation rates

Question 28

a form of microevolution in which the frequencies of gene variants (alleles) change due to chance (random processes)

Answer 28

Genetic Drift

Question 29

genetic drift that results from a drastic reduction in population size. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population by chance

Answer 29

Bottleneck Effect

Question 30

genetic drift resulting from the establishment of a new small population whose gene pool represents only a sample of the genetic variation present in the original population

Answer 30

Founder Effect

Question 31

the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals or gametes into or out of the population. Genetic exchange with another population. It tends to reduce differences among populations

Answer 31

Gene Flow

Question 32

a population or a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature & produce fertile offspring

Answer 32

Biological Species

Question 33

- Organisms distinguished based on measurable physical traits - the smallest group of individuals sharing a common ancestor and forming one branch on the tree of life

Answer 33

Species

Question 34

the process in which one species splits into two or more species

Answer 34

Speciation

Question 35

The probable evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Answer 35

Phylogeny

Question 36

a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms & determining their evolutionary relationships

Answer 36

Systematics

Question 37

branch of systematics dealing with naming & classifying

Answer 37

Taxonomy

Question 38

any factor that prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding

Answer 38

Reproductive Barriers

Question 39

prevent mating or fertilization between species

Answer 39

Prezygotic Barriers

Question 40

-Temporal isolation -habitat isolation -behavioral isolation -mechanical isolation -gametic isolation

Answer 40

Types of Prezygotic Barriers

Question 41

_________ prevent development of fertile adults if hybridization occurs

Answer 41

Postzygotic Barriers

Question 42

Hybrid offspring don’t reach reproductive age

Answer 42

Reduced hybrid viability RHV

Question 43

hybrid infertile

Answer 43

Reduced hybrid fertility

Question 44

hybrid fertile, but weak

Answer 44

hybrid breakdown

Question 45

other homeland”; formation of a new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. The initial block to gene flow is a geographic barrier that physically isolates the splinter population

Answer 45

Allopatric Speciation

Question 46

same homeland”; formation of a new species in populations that live in the same geographic area. The origin of a new species without geographic isolation. Polyploidy, habitat complexity, and sexual selection are factors that can reduce gene flow in sympatric populations

Answer 46

Sympatric Speiciation

Question 47

Polyploidy arises from a single parent species. For example, a failure of cell division might double the chromosome number from the original diploid number (2n) to tetraploid (4n). Because the polyploid individual cannot produce fertile hybrids with its parent species, immediate reproductive isolation results.

Answer 47

Single Parent

Question 48

A second form of polyploid speciation can occur when two different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring. Most instances of polyploid speciation in plants resulted from such hybridizations.

Answer 48

Interbreeding