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Evolution Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

3 processes of evolution

A
  1. Variation within a species
  2. Reproduction
  3. Selection
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2
Q

Environmental challenges that limit the ability to survive

A

Weather
Famine
Competition (food, space, mating)

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3
Q

Coevolution

A

Evolving in conduction with another species. eg. special moth that is the only one who can get snapdragon nectar

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4
Q

Buttesian Mimicry

A

Harmless species looks like a harmful one. eg. fly that looks like a bee

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5
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

Two harmless species look similar

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6
Q

Peppered moth

A

Variation to adaptation, lichen was covered in soot and died, so the white moth lost its camouflage and went extinct during Industrial Revolution

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7
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Humans choose the traits that are passed on. eg. wolf eventually became the chihuahua

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8
Q

Age of the Earth

A

4.56 billion years old

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9
Q

How was life created?

A
  1. Extraterrestrial (panspermia) from comets and meteorites
  2. On-Earth assembly (hydrothermal vents) chemical reactions that result in the building blocks for life
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10
Q

Primordial Soup

A

Contains all the nutrients necessary for life

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11
Q

Urey-Miller Experiment

A

Made primordial soup and came out with formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, amino acids, urea

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12
Q

Orion Nebula

A

Area with the highest potential for life, where the asteroids with the interesting molecules come from

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13
Q

Murchison Meteorite

A

Collided with Australia, contained all the building blocks for life

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14
Q

Life on other planets

A

Mars: had flowing rivers (now frozen)
Europa (Jupiters moon): has flowing rivers under ice

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15
Q

Deep-sea thermal vents

A

Contains sulfur (holds proteins together) and chemotrophs (white smokers)

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16
Q

LUCA

A

hypothesized universal ancestral cell with all the genes

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17
Q

Oldest known fossil

A

ancient prokaryotes from Western Australia (filamentous cyanobacteria), 3.5 billion years ago

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18
Q

Cyanobacteria/Stromatolite Fossils

A

Killed 99% of organisms on the planet because they were obligate anaerobes

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19
Q

Cambrian Explosion and why

A

When eukaryotic life exploded because of
-Increasing oxygen
-Snowball Earth: Melting of the ice age dripped nutrients into the ocean (2.7 billion year ago)
-Evolution of sexual reproduction and diversification and rapid change

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20
Q

Aristotle

A

Scale of increasing complexity

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21
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Binomial nomenclature

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22
Q

Geoges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

A

-Pushed back age of the Earth
-Found similarities between apes and humans

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23
Q

Georges Cuvier

Study These Flashcards
A

Catastrophism

24
Q

James Hutton

25
Charles Lyell
Uniformitarianism
26
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
-use and disuse -giraffe theory -inheritance
27
Charles Darwin
-natural selection -finches -biogeography
28
Proofs to natural selection
1. Fossil records/extinctions 2. Biogeography 3. Anatomy 4. Embryonic development 5. Biochemical/DNA analysis
29
Cytochrome C
a protein in the mitochondria with a long sequence, eg. ours is exactly the same as a chimpanzee. Prove the existence of archaea
30
Macroevolution
formation of a new species
31
Microevolution
change of gene pool of a population over time
32
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
when things stay constant over time, ratio of dominant to recessive alleles stays constant
33
Disturbing factors of equilibrium
1. small population 2. natural selection 3. mutations 4. immigration/emigration 5. horizontal gene transfer
34
Mechanisms of evolution
1. genetic drift 2. non-random mating 3. genetic mutations 4. migration 5. natural selection
35
Bottleneck effect
catastrophic event that drastically reduces size of population but it recovers afterwards, small amount of alleles survived
36
Founder effect
a few individuals from a large population leave and establish a new population, new allele frequencies will not be same as original population (finches)
37
Types of natural selection
1. Stabilizing selection 2. Directional selection 3. Disruptive selection
38
Sexual dimorphism
Males and females have different traits for mating purposes (peacocks)
39
Sexual selection
Traits to attract the opposite sex
40
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
1. ecological isolation 2. temporal isolation 3. behavioural isolation 4. mechanical isolation 5. gametic isolation
41
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
1. zygotic mortality 2. hybrid inviability 3. hybrid infertility
42
Sympatric speciation
evolution of populations within the same geographic area into separate species
43
Allopatric speciation
evolution of populations into separate species because of geographical isolation
44
Adaptive radiation
an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a species eventually resulting in the formation of a new species. Occurs when a species colonizes a new environment (finches) or by survivors after a massive extinction (dinosaurs)
45
Uranium dating
goes further back than carbon dating
46
Molecular evolution
comparing genomic differences, chromosomes patterns, DNA/protein sequences
47
Australopithecus
-4 MYA -ape and human like -small brain, ape-like skull -trees and land (jungle) -lots of teeth -big canines and jaw
48
Homo
-2 MYA -human-like -land dwelling -skull with capability for speech -less teeth -small jaw -bigger skull
49
Homo habilis
-1.5-2 MYA -first tools -cave dwellers -jungle -species stopped evolving
50
Homo erectus
-1.6 MYA -advanced tools -fire -complex society -speech capable skull -continued evolving
51
Neanderthals
-35-100 TYA -prominent brow -short, compact body
52
Cro Magnons
-35-40 TYA -our direct ancestor
53
Convergent evolution
two different species become more similar because of environment. eg. sidewinder (mojave desert) and horned viper (middle east desert)
54
Divergent evolution
species that were once similar diverge or become increasingly distinct
55
Theories of evolution
1. Gradualism: small and ongoing changes and processes, transitional species, explained by incomplete fossil records; intermediate forms were not preserved 2. Punctuated equilibrium: rapid spurts of change following long periods of little or no change, species evolve rapidly, speciation in small isolated populations and transition species fossils are very rare
56
Tiktaalik
-transitional species between ocean and land animals -features similar to tetrapods

Biology (5 decks)

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