Evolution

Question 1

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 1

Classification of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics (KPCOFGS)

Question 2

What is phylogeny?

Answer 2

The evolutionary development and history of a species and the relationships between taxa.

Question 3

3 reasons why the fossil record is incomplete?

Answer 3

1) low preservation potential
2) small population size
3) inhabit a small geological area

Question 4

how does an analogous character arise?

Answer 4

convergent evolution

Question 5

how does a homologous character arise?

Answer 5

similarity due to common ancestry

Question 6

what are synplesiomorphies?

Answer 6

shared ancestral characters

Question 7

what are synapomorphies?

Answer 7

shared derived characters

Question 8

what are Autapomorphies?

Answer 8

character unique to a taxon

Question 9

what is a monophyletic group?

Answer 9

Contains the latest common ancestor plus all, and only all, of its descendents

Question 10

what is a paraphyletic group?

Answer 10

remains after one or more parts of a monophyletic group have been removed

Question 11

what is a polyphyletic group?

Answer 11

A group in which the most recent common ancestor is assigned to some other group and not the group itself

Question 12

what is the eight kingdom system?

Answer 12

1) bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Archaeozoa
4) Protista
5) chromista
6) Anamalia
7) Plantae
8) fungi

Question 13

what are the two types of prokaryote?

Answer 13

1) Eubacteria

2) archaebacteria

Question 14

what conditions do archaebacteria inhabit?

Answer 14

extreme

Question 15

3 reasons why is it believed that prokaryotes originated before eukaryotes?

Answer 15

1) they appear earlier in the fossil record
2) they are simpler in every aspect
3) there is evidence eukaryotes developed from prokaryotes

Question 16

Name two similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 16

1) The method of transmitting information in triplet code in DNA and translating it into proteins through RNA
2) all amino acids are laevo-rotatory and in nucleic acids all the sugars are dextro-rotatory

Question 17

What 4 chemicals did the miller urey experiment produce?

Answer 17

1) amino acids
2) purines/pyrimidines
3) sugars
4) porphyrins

Question 18

What are the 4 possible energy sources to produce the primordial soup?

Answer 18

1) sun
2) lightening
3) volcanic
4) radioactivity

Question 19

What came first DNA or proteins?

Answer 19

Proteins produced by RNA self splicing

Question 20

What are enzymes made of?

Answer 20

Proteins

Question 21

Where do chemoheterotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

Answer 21

consuming organic molecules

Question 22

Where do chemoautotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

Answer 22

carbon source- CO2

energy from oxidising inorganic substances

Question 23

Where do photoautotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

Answer 23

carbon source - CO2

energy source - from light

Question 24

Where for photoheterotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

Answer 24

carbon source from organic material

energy source - light

Question 25

what are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 25

live exclusively be anaerobic respiration

Question 26

what are obligate aerobes?

Answer 26

use exclusively oxygen for cellular respiration

Question 27

what are facultative aerobes?

Answer 27

use oxygen if present but can grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment

Question 28

what are the 3 types on fossil evidence for prokaryotes?

Answer 28

1) fossil stromatolites 2) fossil microorganisms 3) carbonaceous matter

Question 29

how are fossil microganisms preserved?

Answer 29

in rocks

Question 30

how are fossil stromatolites formed?

Answer 30

in hyper saline conditions

Question 31

what byproduct do cyanobacteria produce from the process of metabolism?

Answer 31

oxygen

Question 32

what was produced when oxygen reached with dissolved iron in the ocean?

Answer 32

banded iron formations - BIFS

Question 33

what is a facultative organism?

Answer 33

able to live in anaerobic and aerobic condittions

Question 34

explain endosymbiosis of mitochondria?

Answer 34

- eukaryotes engulfed prokaryotic mitochondria | - anaerobe benefited from aerobic mitochondria in changing atmospheric conditions

Question 35

4 similarities between mitochondria/plastids and prokaryotes

Answer 35

1) inner membranes have enzymes homologous to those found in living prokaryotes 2) splitting process similar to binary fission 3) both contain circular DNA not associated with histones or proteins 4) mitochondria/plastids contain tRNA and ribosomes more similar to prokaryotes than eukaryotes

Question 36

what is it though the flagella and cilia originate from?

Answer 36

spirochaete bacteria - process of mitosis may be part of symbiosis from similar microtutubles

Question 37

how does variation arise from mitosis asexual reproduction?

Answer 37

only variation is due to mutation

Question 38

how does variation arises from meiosis sexual reproduction?

Answer 38

mutation , crossing over and independent assortment

Question 39

what are the advantages of sex?

Answer 39

can combine advantageous mutations and shed harmful ones

Question 40

when did sex evolve?

Answer 40

atleast 1.2 billions years ago

Question 41

how old is the Earth?

Answer 41

4.6 billion years

Question 42

what is an advantage or multicellular organisms?

Answer 42

division of labour

Question 43

when did multicellular life evolve?

Answer 43

a billion years ago and several times to form different biological groups e.g. plants protists fungi

Question 44

what is a problem with sex?

Answer 44

very inefficient

Question 45

four main theories to why sex evolved?

Answer 45

1) adapting to change by evolving faster 2) historical accident 3) method of fending off disease 4) method of repairing genes - all genes need to line up in crossing over so if there is a problem the harmful mutation isn't passed on

Question 46

what is the cambrian explosion of animal life?

Answer 46

fossils appear at the same time worldwide filling numerous animal phyla with preservable hard parts

Question 47

what are the 2 thought causes of the cambrian explosion?

Answer 47

1) change in co2 and o2 conditions | 2) predation caused animals to evolve hard parts for protection

Question 48

what are 4 features of a metazoan?

Answer 48

1) multicellular body 2) can manufacture protein collagen 3) reproductive cycle with gametes 4) has a nervous system

Question 49

what is the difference between diploblastic organisms and triploblastic?

Answer 49

triploblastic have 3 germ layers and mesoderm layer allows them to develop organs diploblastic - have 2 embryonic cell layers

Question 50

how do edicaran organisms feed?

Answer 50

1) photosynthetic algae 2) take in through body wall 3) chemosymbiosis

Question 51

what was life like in the late precambrian?

Answer 51

edicaran animals inhabit sea floor - triploblastic present but very small

Question 52

what was life like in the early middle cambrian?

Answer 52

triploblastic predators evolve - most edicaran organisms become extinct or evolve hard shalls

Question 53

what changes happened to organisms in the late cambrian?

Answer 53

predators more efficient and multicellular organisms evolve better armour and exploit more niches