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Biology 20 IB > Evolution & Biodiversity > Flashcards

Evolution & Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of identifying, naming and classifying species

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2
Q

Who is often considered the father of taxonomy

A

Carl Linnaeus

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3
Q

Period of Carl Linnaeus’s exsistence

A

1707-1778

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4
Q

Binomial system of nonmecleture

A

Genus speceis (italisized)

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5
Q

Is the genus species name the same in all languages

A

Yes

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6
Q

Advantages of Classification (2)

A

Identification becomes easier, allows for prediction of characteristics

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7
Q

What are the 8 levels of classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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8
Q

What are the three domains

A

Eukaryotes, Bacteria, Archaeans

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9
Q

What did Linnaeus considered the 3 kingdoms and what did he interpret a domain as

A

Modern domains are equivalent to his kingdoms, his three kingdoms were plant, animal, and mineral

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10
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and archeans

A

Bacteria are prokaryotes that live under regular conditions, archaeans are prokaryotes that thrive under extreme conditions

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11
Q

Do eukaryotes have histones?

A

Yes (histones are proteins in cell nucleus)

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12
Q

Do eukaryotes have introns?

A

Most of them do, introns are non-coding part of DNA/RNA

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13
Q

Ribosome structure of prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

70S for prokaryotes and 80S for eukaryotes

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14
Q

What is the cell wall in plants made of

A

cellulose

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15
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made up of

A

Chitin

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16
Q

Cell membrane structure of eukaryotes

A

Straight chain, ester linked lipids with proteins

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17
Q

What are the six kingdoms

A

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

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18
Q

Which kingdoms are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic

A

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista are eukaryotic, eubacteria and archebacteria are prokaryotic

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19
Q

What is special about the animalia kingdom

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic (absorbing nutrients from environment), Reproduces sexually, sensory organs

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20
Q

What phylum do humans belong to and what is special about it?

A

Chordata, all chordates have a spinal cord (vertebrates)

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21
Q

What class do humans belong to and what is special about it?

A

Mammalia, warm blooded, mammory glands (breast milk), body hair

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22
Q

What order do humans belong to?

A

Primates

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23
Q

What is special about primates

A

Sexually dimorphic (can tell male and female apart), eyes in front of head (3D vision), live on land, have thumbs and fingernails, placentals (babies develop inside mother)

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24
Q

What family do humans belong to, and what else is part of the family

A

Hominidae, Humans and 4 great apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan)

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25
Q

What is special about the hominides?

A

Pregnant for 9 months, take care of offspring for a third of their lives, stay as family, generally one baby at a time

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26
Q

What Genus do humans belong to, and what’s special about it

A

Homo- culture, walk on two feet, bigger brains

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27
Q

What is the binomial nonmenclature name for humans

A

Homo Sapians

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28
Q

What are phylogenetic trees used for

A

Determining evolutionary relationships, common ancestors and new species

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29
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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30
Q

What are the 6 pieces of evidence that tells us change has happened?

A

Fossil evidence, biogeographical evidence, anatomical evidence, embryological evidence, biochemical evidence, evidence of artificial selection

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31
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of fossils

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32
Q

How many fossil species have been found

A

250000

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33
Q

What is a general trend between newer fossils and older fossils

A

Older fossils are deeper in the ground and are generally more simple in structure

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34
Q

How does radiometric dating work?

A

It compares the ratio of an unstable isotope (C-14) to the stable form found (C-12), and uses the half life to determine the relative age

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35
Q

How old is the oldest fossil found by radiometric dating

A

3.8 billion years old

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36
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of the distribution of life

37
Q

How does biogeographical evidence demonstrate change

A

Animals that lived in close proximity in times of pangea now only occupy one continent

38
Q

when was pangaea broken up

A

150 million years ago

39
Q

Homologous features

A

Similar structural elements and ancestral origin, but serve different function

40
Q

Analogous structures

A

Perform different functions but structures are different and don’t show common origin (wings in birds vs bats)

41
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Leftover structures that no longer serve a function, may indicate common ancestry

42
Q

How does embryological evidence indicate common ancestry

A

Embryos of different organisms look the same

43
Q

Biochemical evidence

A

Similarities in chromosome structure and DNA sequence may indicate common ancestry

44
Q

Transgenic species

A

Inserting one animal’s gene into another animal, due to biochemical similarty

45
Q

Artificial selection

A

When humans decide on favorable characteristics

46
Q

Examples of artificial selection

A

Sea cabbage into present day brussel sprouts and broccoli, domestification of wolves into dogs

47
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of a new species

48
Q

Speciation through transformation

A

One species evolves into a different species, resulting in loss of original species

49
Q

Does speciation through transformation increase biodiversity

A

No

50
Q

Does speciation through divergent evolution increase biodiverisy

A

Yes

51
Q

Speciation through divergent evolution

A

One species evolves into two or more species, original species still exsists

52
Q

Cause of divergent evolution

A

Allopatric speciation

53
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

WHen a population is seperated by a PHYSICAL barrier, leading the species to develop different traits that suit different environments. Over time, these changes become big enough where they can no longer reproduce with each other

54
Q

Theories that describe rate or evolution

A

gradualism (slowly) and punctuated equilibrium (quickly)

55
Q

When was graudualism accepted up until and when was punctuated equilibrium first proposed and by who

A

Up until 1900s, punctuated equlibrium was proposed by Jay Gould on 1972

56
Q

What did Aristotle and the Greek philosophers propose

A

The idea that living things are more or less related to each other

57
Q

Befoer 1700AD, what was the common belief around change in living things

A

Change didn’t happen, everything was fixed since the start of Time

58
Q

Maupertius’ time

A

1751

59
Q

What did Maupertius propose?

A

Species multiplied based on recombination of particles from ancestors

60
Q

What was Buffon’s time?

A

1760

61
Q

What did Buffon propose?

A

Change occured since the start of time, some species had common ancestors due to similar environments, they underwent modification from the creator

62
Q

Hutton time period

A

1795

63
Q

Lamarck’s time

A

1805

63
Q

What did Hutton propose

A

The theory of gradual change, the idea that the Earth is way older than thousands of years, proposed ideas that forces changed Earth’s surface

64
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

Organisms themselves were responsible for the having desirable characteristics, which were passed onto offspring

65
Q

Lyell’s time

A

1830

66
Q

What did Lyell propose

A

Habitats are still changing

67
Q

What book did Lyell write

A

Principles of Geography

68
Q

Malthus’ time

A

1832

69
Q

What did Malthus predict

A

Present day human overpopulation problem

70
Q

What theory is Charles Darwin renowned for?

A

Theory of Natural selection

71
Q

Darwin- Struggle for Exsistence

A

Member of same species must compete for necessities

72
Q

Darwin- Survival of the Fittest

A

Some individuals are better suited to the environment than others

73
Q

What was Darwin not aware of when it comes to change?

A

The fact that it was caused by genes

74
Q

What is the general purpose of clades and cladistics

A

To diverge from classifying organisms via morphology

75
Q

Claudistics

A

A system of classifying taxa based on recently evolved characteristics

76
Q

Shared differences

A

Parts of DNA/ amino acid sequence where there’s a split in the genetic code, indicating the formation of another evolutionary branch

77
Q

What is a monophyletic group also known as

A

clade

78
Q

What is a clade

A

A group of organisms that share a common ancestor

79
Q

What has amino acid analysis helped discover?

A

That hippos and whales came from a common ancestor

80
Q

Where did the evidence that all organisms share a common ancestor come from

A

amino acid analysis

81
Q

Organisms with which features are found in the same clade

A

homologous

82
Q

What are analogous features evidence of

A

convergent evolution

83
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of the evolutionary past of a species

84
Q

What are the two most studied proteins

A

hemoglobin and cytochrome (part of mitochondria)

85
Q

Which two organelles have their own DNA

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

86
Q

Why is mitochondria DNA used for dating over regular DNA

A

Mitochondria DNA is strictly maternal

87
Q

What is the rate of mutation

A

One change/substitution per 20 nucleotides every one million years

Biology 20 IB (6 decks)

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