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Biology 20 IB > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Cutting/tearing food into smaller pieces

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2
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breakdown of food using enzymes

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3
Q

Overveiw of digestive system (4 main steps)

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption of nutrients, Egestion

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4
Q

What types of digestion does the mouth do?

A

mechanical and chemical

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5
Q

Where is saliva secreted?

A

3 pairs of saliva glands

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6
Q

What are the 3 main components of saliva?

A

Water, mucus (lubricates food), and salivary amylase

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7
Q

How is starch digested in the mouth, and what disaccharide does it become

A

By the enzyme salivary amylase, into maltose

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8
Q

Enzyme for fat digestion in mouth

A

lingual lipase

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9
Q

What is food called once it leaves the mouth

A

bolus

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10
Q

Where is the pharnx

A

Connects the mouth to esophagus

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11
Q

Uvula (dangly thing at back of throat) function

A

prevents food from going up the nose

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12
Q

Epiglottis (flat at top of larynx) function

A

prevents food from going down the larynx and trachea

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13
Q

How does food reach the stomach

A

Through the esophagus, through the process of peristalsis

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14
Q

Longitudinal muscles function

A

Contract in front of the bolus to shorten the distance it needs to travel

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15
Q

Circular muscle function

A

Contracts behind bolus and reduces its diameter, preventing it from going backwards

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16
Q

What types of digestion happen in the stomach?

A

Mechanical (churning) and chemical digestion

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17
Q

How much food can the stomach hold

A

Up to 1.5L

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18
Q

What regulates the opening and closing of the stomach

A

Sphincters

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19
Q

Contents of gastric juices of stomach (4)

A

water, mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen

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20
Q

Function of the mucus

A

Protects stomach lining from acidic conditions

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21
Q

How is pepsinogen activated

A

when it comes into contact with HCl of stomach, and it becomes pepsin (digestive enzyme)

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22
Q

Ulcers

A

Tears in stomach lining due to acidic HCl

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23
Q

What are the 3 portions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejenum. and ileum

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24
Q

Length and fucntion of duodenum

A

8 inches, connects stomach to jejenum

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25
Length of jejenum
8ft
26
Length of ileum
12ft
27
What is bolus called once it leaves the stomach
chyme
28
Function of peristalsis in small intestine
Forces chyme to mix with enzymes
29
Function of maltase and lactase and where is it produced
Digests matose and lactose, produced and functions in the small intestine
30
Peptidase/Protease
Any enzyme that digests proteins
31
Where is Erepsin produced, and what does it do?
Secreted by intestinal glands and pancreas, breaks peptides into amino acids
32
Exopeptidase function
breaks amino acids from ends of chains
33
Dipeptidase function
cleaves dipeptides
34
nucleodase
breaks down nucleotides (DNA and RNA) into bases, sugars, and phosphates
35
Nuclease function
Breaks down nucleotides into smaller nucleotides
36
What is a dextrin
Components of amylopectin and glycogen that consist of 1-6 glycosidic bonds
37
Dextrinase function
Breaks down dextrins (1-6 glycosidic bonds) that amylase can't break
38
How is absorption in the small intestine maximized?
villi and microvilli increase SA:V ratio
39
Length of villi
Around 0.5-1.5mm, 40/mm^2
40
What does the villi absorb?
vitamins, minerals, and monomers
41
Lacteal of the villi function
absorbs fatty acids and monoglycerides
42
Capillary of villi function
Absorbs nucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides
43
Serosa
Outer coat of small intestine
44
Muscle layers
longitudinal and circular muscles for slow peristalsis
45
sub-mucosa contents
contains blood and nymph vesssels
46
mucosa
lining of small intestine that project into villi
47
Functions of the large intestine (3)
Absorption of water, storage of fecal matter, synthesis of vitamin K from cellulose
48
How long is the large intestine
5ft in length
49
Accessory organs definition
Contributes to digestive system by providing fluids, but food doesn't directly go through them
50
Accessory organs of digestive system
Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
51
Function of the liver in digestion
Produces bile
52
Function of bile
emulsifies fats, which allows enzymes to act on it
53
How does bile reach the duodenum
Bile is stored in the gallbladder, which is later secreted into the duodenum
54
Contents of pancreatic juice (3)
Sodium bicarbonate, water, enzymes
55
Function of sodium bicarbonate
neutralizes acidic chyme in stomach to pH of 7.5-8
56
Pacreatic amylase function
Digests remaining starch into maltose
57
Where is trypsinogen produced
pancrease
58
How is trypsinogen activated into trypsin?
Enzyme enterokinase
59
Function of trypsin
Digests proteins into peptides
60
Function of erepsin
Digests peptides into amino acids
61
phospholipase function
Digests phospholipids into fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphates
62
lipase function
digests fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides
63
Hormone definition
Proteins that are secreted into the blood stream and carry messages to target organs
64
Gastrin function
Signals stomach to release HCl
65
Where and when is gastrin secreted
From the stomach in the presence of food
66
Where and when is enterogastrone secreted
Small intestine in the presence of fat
67
Enterogastrone function
Slows peristalsis in small intestines to allow more time for digestion/absorption
68
when and where is secretin secreted
small intestines in the presence of acidic chyme
69
Secretin function
singals pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate to neutralize pH to 7.5-8
70
where and when is cholecystokinin secreted
Small intestines in response to fat
71
cholecystokinin function
signals gallbladder to release bile into small intestines
72
What is the difference between pepsin and peptidase?
Pepsin digests proteins into peptides, peptidase digests proteins into amino acids
73
What is the difference between nuclease and nucleosidase?
Nuclease digests RNA & DNA into nucleotides, nucleosidase digests nucleotides into base, sugar, and phosphates

Biology 20 IB (6 decks)

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