Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the primary functions (5) of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Provide energy, short-term energy storage, plant cell wall structure (cellulose), backbone of DNA (ribose)

Question 2

What are the 3 main monosaccharides?

Answer 2

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 3

Which monosaccharides is maltose made up of?

Answer 3

2 Glucose

Question 4

What monosaccharides are lactose made up of?

Answer 4

Galactose and Glucose

Question 4

What monosaccharides is sucrose made up of?

Answer 4

Glucose and Fructose

Question 5

How do you number carbons on glucose?

Answer 5

Start on the right, go counterclockwise

Question 5

How do polymers form from monomers?

Answer 5

Dehydration synthesis

Question 5

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 5

Network of linked monosaccharides

Question 6

What is the difference in the molecular structure of starch and cellulose?

Answer 6

Starch consists of alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds (OH groups point in the same direction after synthesis) while cellulose consists of beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds (OH groups point in opposite directions).

Question 7

Amylose bonding pattern

Answer 7

1-4 bonds with no branches

Question 8

Amylopectin branching pattern

Answer 8

1-4 and 1-6 bonds with branches every 20 subunits

Question 9

Glycogen bonding pattern

Answer 9

1-4 and 1-6 bonds with branches every 10 subunits

Question 10

What are the three main polysaccharides?

Answer 10

cellulose, starch, and glycogen

Question 11

How do polymers break apart into monomers?

Answer 11

Hydrolysis/catabolism

Question 12

What is the role of glycogen?

Answer 12

Short term energy storage, it is broken down into usable monosaccharides when blood sugar is low

Question 13

Another name for fats and oils

Answer 13

triglycerides

Question 14

Which monomers is a triglyceride made up of?

Answer 14

One glycerol and Three fatty acids

Question 15

How is cholestrol ingested?

Answer 15

Animal products

Question 16

What are the main functions of lipids (4)?

Answer 16

Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure (phospholipids), precursors to steroid hormones (cholestrol)

Question 17

What type of bonds are formed through dehydration synthesis of a triglyceride?

Answer 17

ester bonds

Question 18

Is cholestrol a triglyceride?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Where is cholestrol produced?

Answer 19

Liver

Question 20

What are the functions of cholestrol?

Answer 20

Stabilizes cell membrane, precursor for steroid hormones, help with brain and nerve cell function

Question 21

How are saturated fatty acids ingested?

Answer 21

Animal products

Question 22

How are unsaturated fatty acids ingested?

Answer 22

Plants

Question 23

State of saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid at room temperature

Answer 23

Saturated is solid, unsaturated is liquid

Question 24

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 24

Saturated fatty acids contain max H atoms, no double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds.

Question 25

Types of unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 25

Cis and Trans

Question 26

What's the difference between cis and trans fatty acids

Answer 26

Cis- H atoms of double bonds are on the same side while on Trans, H atoms are on opposite side

Question 27

What makes trans fatty acids so hard to digest

Answer 27

H atoms being on opposite sides of double bond

Question 28

What's another word for unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 28

oil

Question 29

What is the difference between an oil and a fat

Answer 29

Oil is liquid at RT (mainly unsaturated) while fat is solid at RT (mainly saturated)

Question 30

What percentage of dry mass do proteins make up in cells?

Answer 30

50%

Question 31

What is the monomer of a protein?

Answer 31

Amino acid

Question 32

How many total amino acids are there?

Answer 32

20

Question 33

How many amino acids are essential?

Answer 33

9, 11 can be synthesized

Question 34

What is the bond between amino acids called?

Answer 34

peptide bond

Question 35

Protein definition

Answer 35

polypeptide strand coiled into a 3D structure

Question 36

Primary structure of protein

Answer 36

Sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Question 37

Secondary structure of protein

Answer 37

Hydrogen bonds form within amino acids, creating a helix shape

Question 38

Tertiary structure of protein

Answer 38

Hydrogen bonds and water molecules fold helix, disulfide bridges form between cysteine amino acids

Question 39

Quaternary structure of protein

Answer 39

Polypeptides are linked together by hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges

Question 40

Enzymatic protein function

Answer 40

Accelerates certain chemical reactions

Question 41

Storage proteins

Answer 41

Store amino acids (Ex. casein stores amino acids in milk)

Question 42

Hormonal proteins

Answer 42

coordinates an organism's activities (Ex. Insulin forces tissues to absorb glucose)

Question 43

Contractile and motor proteins

Answer 43

Responsible for movement (Actin and myosin)

Question 44

Defensive proteins

Answer 44

Protection against disease (Antibodies)

Question 45

Transport proteins

Answer 45

Transport, (Ex. hemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body)

Question 46

Receptor proteins

Answer 46

Responsible for how the cell responds to chemical stimuli

Question 47

Structural proteins

Answer 47

Provide support (Collagen and elastin provide fibrous frameworks)

Question 48

What is an enzyme

Answer 48

A protein catalyst

Question 49

Definition of catalyst

Answer 49

Something that speeds up a reaction without being used up

Question 50

What is a substrate

Answer 50

Something that changes shape after binding to the active site of an enzyme

Question 51

Cofactors and coenzymes

Answer 51

Molecules that help with catalyzing chemical reactions

Question 52

What is the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme

Answer 52

Cofactors are inorganic ions while coenzymes are organic molecules

Question 53

Lock and Key enzyme model

Answer 53

The active site has a rigid and specific shape, substrate must be enzyme-substrate specific

Question 54

How do substrates bind to the enzyme active site

Answer 54

Amino acid R groups may help, which forms the enzyme-substrate complex

Question 54

Induced fit model

Answer 54

Active site changes slightly so substrate fits

Question 55

What is the suffix of most enzymes

Answer 55

ase

Question 56

suffix of digestive enzymes

Answer 56

in

Question 57

Factors that can affect enzyme performance

Answer 57

Temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration

Question 58

Denaturation

Answer 58

temperory alteration of enzyme shape

Question 59

Coagulation

Answer 59

Permanent alternation of enzyme shape

Question 60

Allosteric site

Answer 60

The part of an enzyme where substances can bind to that is not the active site

Question 61

What is an inhibitor

Answer 61

A molecule that slows down or stops chemical reaction

Question 62

Competitive vs non competitive inhibitor

Answer 62

Competitive inhibitor mimicks the substrate shape and directly competes with the substrate for the active site, while non competitive inhibitors bind to allosteric site (reduces function of enzyme)

Question 63

Feedback inhibition

Answer 63

Final product of reaction binds to first enzyme's allosteric site, stopping production