Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Question 1

One of the most important concepts in biology

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

Two ways of using the term “Adapt”:(2)

Answer 2

• Acclimation
• Genetic Traits

Question 3

When an individual organism can respond immediately to a changing environment

Answer 3

Acclimation

Question 4

Passed from generation to generation and allow a species to live more successfully in its environment

Answer 4

Genetic Traits

Question 5

species change over generations because individuals compete for scarce resources

Answer 5

Evolution

Question 6

The process of better-selected individuals passing their traits to the next generation

Answer 6

Natural Selection

Question 7

Changes to the DNA Coding sequence of individuals that occurs occasionally, and the changed sequences are inherited by offspring

Answer 7

Mutations

Question 8

Limitation factors of species: (4)

Answer 8

1. Psychological Stress due to inappropriate levels of some critical environment factor
2. Competition with other species
3. Predation, including parasitism and disease
4. Luck

Question 9

(1) According to the Chemist ___________, the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand is the critical factor determining where a species lives

Answer 9

Justus Von Liebig

Question 10

Each environmental factor has both minimum and maximum levels, beyond which particular species cannot Survive
- “limits where a particular organism can live”

Answer 10

Tolerance Limits
- Victor Shelford expanded Liebig’s principle (Critical factor)

Question 11

“determining where a species lives”

Answer 11

critical factor

Question 12

can affect the distribution of young differently than they affect adults

Answer 12

Tolerance Limits

Question 13

the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives

Answer 13

Habitat

Question 14

describes both the role played by a species in a biological community and the set of environmental factors that determine its distribution

Answer 14

Ecological Niche

Question 15

According to him, each species had a role in a community of species and the niche defined its way of obtaining food.

Answer 15

Charles Elton

Question 16

The American limnologist who, thirty years laters proposed a more biophysical definition of niche. According to him, every species exists within a range of physical and chemical conditions.

Answer 16

G. E. Hutchinson

Question 17

species that tolerate a wide range of conditions or exploit a wide range of resources

Answer 17

Generalists

Question 18

species that have a narrow ecological niche

Answer 18

Specialists

Question 19

• the development of a new species
• As a population becomes more adapted to its ecological niche, it may develop specialized or distinctive traits

Answer 19

Speciation

Question 20

Two kinds of Speciation: (2)

Answer 20

• Allopatric Speciation
• Sympatric Speciation

Question 21

Speciation that occurs when population are geographically separated

Answer 21

Allopatric Speciation

Question 22

Speciation that occurs within one geographic area

Answer 22

Sympatric Speciation

Question 23

When the habitat are far enough apart that population were genetically isolated

Answer 23

Geographic Isolation

Question 24

When two identical species live in similar habitats but have different mating calls

Answer 24

Behavioral Isolation

Question 25

the shift toward one extreme of a trait

Answer 25

Directional Selection

Question 26

the study of types of organisms and their relationships

Answer 26

Taxonomy

Question 27

Binomial are also called

Answer 27

Scientific or Latin Name

Question 28

Identify and describe species using Latin or Latinized nouns and adjectives or names of people or places

Answer 28

Binomials

Question 29

leads to resource allocation

Answer 29

Competition

Question 30

important type of selective pressure

Answer 30

Predation

Question 31

- benefits both species involved - Two or more species live intimately together, with their fates linked

Answer 31

Symbiosis

Question 32

any type of antagonistic relationship within a biological community

Answer 32

Competition

Question 33

Types of Competition: (2)

Answer 33

- Intraspecific Competition - Interspecific Competition

Question 34

Competition among members of the same species

Answer 34

Intraspecific Competition

Question 35

Competition between members of different species

Answer 35

Interspecific Competition

Question 36

any organism that feeds directly on another living organism

Answer 36

Predator

Question 37

Enhances the survival of one or both partners

Answer 37

Symbiotic Relationship

Question 38

Types of Symbiosis: (5)

Answer 38

- Mutualism - Commensalism - Parasitism - Endosymbiosis - Ectosymbiosis

Question 39

type of symbiosis in which both members' benefits

Answer 39

Mutualism

Question 40

type of symbiosis in which one member clearly benefits and the other apparently is neither benefited nor harmed

Answer 40

Commensalism

Question 41

a form predation may also be considered symbiosis because of the dependency of the parasite as its host

Answer 41

Parasitism

Question 42

one species living inside another one.

Answer 42

Endosymbiosis

Question 43

one species living on the surface of the other species.

Answer 43

Ectosymbiosis

Question 44

Plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance.

Answer 44

Keystone Species

Question 45

is a measure of biological activity

Answer 45

Productivity

Question 46

is an expression of the total number of organisms in a biological community.

Answer 46

Abundance

Question 47

is a measure of the number of different species, ecological niches, or genetic variation present.

Answer 47

Diversity

Question 48

Community Properties: (3)

Answer 48

- Productivity - Abundance and diversity - Resilience and stability

Question 49

The abundance of a particular species often is ________________ related to the total diversity of the community.

Answer 49

inversely

Question 50

refers to patterns of spatial distribution of individuals and populations within a community, as well as the relation of a particular community to its surroundings.

Answer 50

Ecological structure

Question 51

make communities resistant to disturbance

Answer 51

Resilience and stability

Question 52

Three kinds of stability or resiliency in ecosystems: (3)

Answer 52

- Constancy - Inertia - Renewal

Question 53

lack of fluctuations in composition or functions

Answer 53

Constancy

Question 54

resistance to perturbations

Answer 54

Inertia

Question 55

ability to repair damage after disturbance

Answer 55

Renewal

Question 56

The boundary between one habitat and its neighbors is an important aspect of community structure. These relationships are

Answer 56

edge effects.

Question 57

are what the ecologists call the boundaries between adjacent communities.

Answer 57

Ecotones

Question 58

a community that is sharply divided from its neighbors.

Answer 58

Closed Community

Question 59

a community with gradual or indistinct boundaries over which many species cross.

Answer 59

Open Community

Question 60

is the community that developed last and lasted the longest.

Answer 60

Climax Community

Question 61

is the history of community development. When a succession occurs, organisms occupy a site and change the environmental conditions.

Answer 61

Ecological Succession

Question 62

2 kinds of succession: (2)

Answer 62

- Primary succession - Secondary succession

Question 63

Land that is bare of soil (a sandbar, mudslide, rock face, and volcanic flow) is colonized by living organisms where none lived before.

Answer 63

Primary succession

Question 64

When an existing community is disturbed, a new one develops from the biological legacy of the old.

Answer 64

Secondary succession

Question 65

In both kinds of succession, when organisms change the environment by modifying soil, light levels, food supplies, and microclimate, the change permits new species to colonize and eventually replace the previous species.

Answer 65

Ecological development or facilitation

Question 66

In primary succession on land, the first colonists (microbes, mosses, and lichens) that can withstand a harsh environment with few resources.

Answer 66

Pioneer species

Question 67

Any force that disrupts the established patterns of species diversity and abundance, community structure, or community properties.

Answer 67

Disturbance

Question 68

species that can survive periodic disturbance

Answer 68

Disturbance-adapted species