Part 1: Water, Soil, Mineral and Rock, and Energy

Question 1

the proportion of void space in the material (holes or cracks),
unfilled by solid material, within or between individual mineral grains and is a
measure of how much fluid the material can store

Answer 1

porosity

Question 2

measure of how readily fluids pass through the material. It is
related to the extent to which pores or cracks are interconnected, and to their
size—larger pores have a lower surface-to-volume ratio so there is less frictional
drag to slow the fluids down

Answer 2

permeability

Question 3

is a volume of rock or soil above the
impermeable material that is water-saturated, in which water fills all the
accessible pore space

Answer 3

saturated zone

Question 4

water in the saturated zone

Answer 4

ground water

Question 5

rock or soil above the saturated zone in
which the pore spaces are filled partly with water, partly with air

Answer 5

unsaturated zone

Question 6

water in the unsaturated soil

Answer 6

soil moisture

Question 7

is all of the water occupying pore space below the ground
surface this includes ground water, soil moisture, and water in unsaturated
rocks.

Answer 7

subsurface water

Question 8

is the top surface of the saturated zone, where the saturated
zone is not confined by overlying impermeable rocks

Answer 8

water table

Question 9

is the processes of infiltration and migration or percolation by which
ground water is replaced

Answer 9

recharge

Question 10

occurs where ground water flows into a stream,
escapes at the surface in a spring, or otherwise exits the aquifer

Answer 10

groundwater discharge

Question 11

is a rock that holds enough water and transmits it rapidly enough to be
useful as a source of water

Answer 11

aquifer

Question 12

is a rock that may store a considerable quantity of water, but in
which water flow is slowed, or retarded

Answer 12

aquitard

Question 13

was used to describe an extreme aquitard, a rock that is essentially
impermeable on a human timescale

Answer 13

aquiclude

Question 14

when the aquifer is directly overlain only by permeable
rocks and soil

Answer 14

unconfined aquifer

Question 15

is bounded above and below by low permeability rocks
(aquitards)

Answer 15

confine aquifer

Question 16

If a well is drilled into a confined aquifer, the water can rise
above its level in the aquifer because of this extra hydrostatic (fluid) pressure

Answer 16

artesian system

Question 17

represents the height to which the water’s pressure would raise
the water if the water were unconfined

Answer 17

potentiometric surface

Question 18

is a circular lowering of the water table immediately
around the well in an unconfined aquifer.

Answer 18

cone of depression

Question 19

If the aquifer rocks are no longer saturated with water, they may become
___________ from the weight of overlying rocks. This decreases their porosity,
permanently reducing their water-holding capacity, and may also decrease their
permeability

Answer 19

compacted

Question 20

Fresh water falling on land does not mix so readily with saline ground water at
depth because water in the pore spaces in rock or soil is not vigorously churned
by currents or wave action

Answer 20

saltwater intrusion

Question 21

is a common way to provide more land for construction.
This practice can interfere with recharge, especially if surface runoff is rapid
elsewhere in the area.

Answer 21

filling in wetlands

Question 22

are a partial solution to the problem of areas where
groundwater use exceeds natural recharge rate, but they are effective only
where there is surface runoff to catch, and they rely on precipitation

Answer 22

recharge basins

Question 23

Rock types such as carbonate rocks or beds of rock salt or gypsum, chemical
sediments deposited in shallow seas, are extremely soluble in water.
Dissolution of these rocks by subsurface water, and occasional collapse or subsidence of the ground surface into the resultant cavities, creates a
distinctive terrain known as ________

Answer 23

karst

Question 24

Rainwater is not considered
as ____________ because it contains dissolved chemicals of various kinds,
especially in industrialized areas with substantial air pollution

Answer 24

pure water

Question 25

is one of the parameters used in describing water quality, the sum of the concentrations of all dissolved solid chemicals in the water.

Answer 25

total dissolved solids (TDS)

Question 26

simply contains substantial amounts of dissolved calcium and magnesium

Answer 26

hard water

Question 27

DENR A.O. 2016-08 also known as

Answer 27

water quality guidelines and general effluent standards

Question 28

3 ways of extending the water supply

Answer 28

conservation interbasin water transfer desalination

Question 29

Water is wasted in home use every day by long showers, inefficient plumbing, insistence on lush, green lawns even in the heat of summer, and in dozens of other ways

Answer 29

conservation

Question 30

__________ of seawater would allow parched coastal regions to tap the vast ocean reservoirs.

Answer 30

desalination

Question 30

involves heating or boiling water full of dissolved minerals. The water vapor driven off is pure water, while the minerals stay behind in what remains of the liquid

Answer 30

distillation

Question 30

People persist in settling and farming in areas that may not be especially well supplied with fresh water, while other areas with abundant water go undeveloped.

Answer 30

interbasin water transfer

Question 31

the water is passed through fine filters or membranes to screen out dissolved impurities

Answer 31

filtration system

Question 32

those materials capable of supporting plant growth. It also implies little transportation away from the site at which the soil formed.

Answer 32

soil

Question 33

the loose material on the lunar surface, it encompasses all unconsolidated material at the surface, fertile or not

Answer 33

regolith

Question 34

indicates matter that has been transported and redeposited by wind, water, or ice.

Answer 34

sediment

Question 35

soil is produced by _______

Answer 35

weathering

Question 36

is the physical breakup of rocks without changes in the rocks’ composition.

Answer 36

physical weathering

Question 37

involves the breakdown of minerals by chemical reaction with water, with other chemicals dissolved in water, or with gases in the air

Answer 37

chemical weathering

Question 38

plays a major role in the intensity of chemical weathering. Most of the relevant chemical reactions involve water, the more water, the more chemical weathering

Answer 38

climate

Question 39

effects can be either mechanical or chemical. Among the mechanical effects is the action of tree roots in working into cracks to split rocks apart.

Answer 39

biological weathering

Question 40

between bedrock and atmosphere is the formation resulted from mechanical, chemical, and biological weathering, together with the accumulation of decaying remains from organisms living on the land and any input from the atmosphere.

Answer 40

blanket of soil

Question 41

soil horizons

Answer 41

O horizon A " E " B " C "

Question 42

consisting wholly of organic matter, whether living or decomposed—growing. plants, decaying leaves, and so on

Answer 42

O HORIZON

Question 43

below O horizon, consists of the most intensively weathered rock material, being the zone most exposed to surface processes, mixed with organic debris from above.

Answer 43

A HORIZON

Question 44

below the A horizon, is also known as the zone of leaching. Fine grained minerals, such as clays, may also be washed downward through this zone.

Answer 44

E HORIZON

Question 45

is also known as the zone of accumulation

Answer 45

B HORIZON

Question 46

below the B horizon, is a zone consisting principally of very coarsely broken-up bedrock and little else.

Answer 46

C HORIZON

Question 47

tends to reflect compositional characteristics. Soils rich in organic matter tend to be black or brown, while those poor in organic matter are paler in color, often white or gray

Answer 47

soil color

Question 48

3 types of soil texture

Answer 48

sand, silt, and clay

Question 49

describes a soil that is a mixture of all three particle sizes in similar proportions (10 to 30% clay, the balance nearly equal amounts of sand and silt). Soils are named on the basis of the dominant grain size(s) present.

Answer 49

loam

Question 50

relates to the soil’s tendency to form lumps or clods of soil particles

Answer 50

soil structure

Question 51

from the Latin root pedo- meaning “soil”, is the term use for clumps

Answer 51

Peds

Question 52

can indicate something of a soil’s composition and perhaps its origins, which in turn may have implications for its suitability for agriculture or construction, or its vulnerability to degradation

Answer 52

soil classification

Question 53

comes from the prefix pedo - and the Latin words for aluminum (alumium) and iron (ferrum)

Answer 53

pedalfer

Question 54

is for the soil of a dry climate.

Answer 54

pedocal

Question 55

The U.S. comprehensive soil classification, known as the _________________________ has twelve major categories (orders), which are subdivided through five more levels of classification into a total of some 12,000 soil series.

Answer 55

seventh approximation

Question 56

may be regarded as an extreme kind of pedalfer.

Answer 56

laterite

Question 57

tend to be rich in accumulated organic matter, reduced because the decaying organic matter consumes dissolved oxygen, and soft.

Answer 57

wetland soils

Question 58

is caused by the action of water and wind

Answer 58

soil erosion

Question 59

______________ in the fields after a crop has been harvested and planting cover crops in the off-season between cash crops. In either case, the plants’ roots help to hold the soil in place, and the plants themselves, to some extent, shield the soil from wind and rain

Answer 59

leaving stubble

Question 60

Surface runoff may be slowed on moderate slopes by ______________

Answer 60

contour plowing

Question 61

a single slope is terraced into a series of shallower slopes, or even steps that slant backward into the hill.

Answer 61

terracing

Question 62

Wind can be slowed down by planting hedges or rows of trees as ___________________ along field borders or in rows perpendicular to the dominant wind direction or by erecting low fences, like snow fences, similarly arrayed

Answer 62

windbreaks

Question 63

alternating crops of different heights, slows near-ground wind by making the land surface more irregular.

Answer 63

strip cropping

Question 64

main cause of soil degradation

Answer 64

deforestation

Question 65

is a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs at a concentration sufficiently high, relative to average rocks, to make it economically worth mining.

Answer 65

ore

Question 66

is the term given to unusually coarse-grained igneous intrusions. In some _______, single crystals may be over 10 meters (30 feet) long.

Answer 66

pegmatite

Question 67

They are mined primarily from igneous rocks called

Answer 67

kimberlites

Question 68

Ordinary table salt, known mineralogically as _____________ is one mineral commonly mined from evaporite deposits

Answer 68

halite

Question 69

The deposits mechanically concentrated by water are called

Answer 69

placers

Question 70

They are rarely the sites of primary formation of ore minerals.

Answer 70

streams