Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Flashcards by Ej Beato

Waste that may contain toxic materials usually generated from industrial, hospital, some
types of household wastes

TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

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TYPES OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE ( Listed Hazardous Waste)

F-Type Waste (Non- Specific Wastes)
K-Type Waste (Source—Specific Wastes)
P-Type Waste (Acute Hazardous Waste)
U-Type Waste (Miscellaneous Hazardous Wastes)

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This list consists of waste coming from common manufacturing and industrial
processes.

 F-Type Waste (Non- Specific Wastes)

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This list comprises wastes coming from specific industries like in petroleum
refining or pesticide manufacturing that produce sludges and wastewaters from treatment
and production processes

K-Type Waste (Source—Specific Wastes)

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This type of wastes can cause serious illness but if the dose increased it becomes fatal
to human

P-Type Waste (Acute Hazardous Waste)

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This list includes specific commercial chemical products in unused form. Examples
of these are the pesticides and some pharmaceutical products that become hazardous waste
when discarded.

U-Type Waste (Miscellaneous Hazardous Wastes)

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

Ignitability
Corrosivity
Reactivity
Toxicity

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SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous Materials Used in the Home
Medical Waste
Industrial Hazardous Waste
Radioactive Waste
Mining Wastes and Extraction Wastes

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Examples of these are pesticides, cleaning products, automotive products,
painting supplies, and other flammable and nonflammable products

Hazardous Materials Used in the Home

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These are the chemicals, infectious agents, and radioactive materials

Medical Waste

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These include heavy metals from plating operations, toxic chemicals, solvents,
and residues from the manufacture of pesticides

Industrial Hazardous Waste

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Included are the spent nuclear fuel and tailings from uranium processing

Radioactive Waste

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These are toxic chemicals left over from mining operations including acids and
heavy metals

Mining Wastes and Extraction Wastes

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Emissions especially chemicals coming from primary industries and the secondary
waste treatment plants destroy the ozone, which then warms the Earth and causes
hazardous wastes to impact the Earth in new ways, wrecking now more-fragile
ecosystems

global warming

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HAZARDOUS WASTE SYMBOLS

Explosive
Flammable Liquid-
Flammable Solid
Reactive or Oxidizing
Toxic
Corrosive
Infectious or pathogenic

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Substance or materials which is intended to function
by explosion. Even if not aimed to function by explosion but can function
in similar manner once it undergoes chemical reaction

Explosive

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Any liquid having a flash point of not more than 60degC,
closed-cup test, or 65.6degC, open-cup test

Flammable Liquid

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Wetted explosives that when dry are explosives; self-reactive
materials that are liable to undergo, at normal or elevated
temperatures,

Flammable Solid

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A material that may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause
or enhance the combustion of other materials.

Reactive or Oxidizing

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A substance which, if it is inhaled or ingested or if it penetrates
the skin, may involve serious acute or chronic health risks
including carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity on
human and other life forms.

toxic

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A liquid or solid that causes visible destruction or irreversible
alterations in human skin tissue at the site of contact, or a liquid
that has a severe corrosion rate on steel or aluminum

corrosive

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Containing a viable microorganism (or its toxin) which is
known or suspected to cause disease in humans or animals

Infectious or pathogenic –

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Must identify if their waste is hazardous and must oversee the ultimate fate of the waste. Should guarantee and fully document that the hazardous waste produced is correctly
identified, managed, and treated before recycling or disposed

Hazardous Waste Generators

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Can transport the waste to a facility that can recycle, treat, store or dispose of the waste. Regulations on public roads, highways, rails and waterways should be strictly followed
during the transport of hazardous waste

Hazardous Waste Transporters

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Provide temporary storage and final treatment or disposal for hazardous wastes. _______ are rigidly regulated considering that they deal with large volumes of waste and are in charge of activities that are at high risk

Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities(TSDFS)

are the first link in the hazardous waste management system

, hazardous waste generators

Types of Vessels, Containers, Tanks, and Containment Buildings

Metal drum (with lid or cap)  Plastic container (with lid or cap)  Metal container (with lid or cap)  Cloth container or jumbo bag  Container van  Tanker truck  Built tank

PLACARDS ACCOMPANYING THE LABEL

Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquids and Combustible Liquid Class 4: Flammable Solids; Spontaneously Combustible Materials; Dangerous when Wet Materials Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides Class 6: Toxic Substances and Infectious Substances Class 7: Radioactive Materials Class 8: Corrosive Materials Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods

The explosives category comprises all items or materials that can detonate or conflagrate rapidly due to chemical reaction. This classification is divided into six sub-divisions and includes things like ammunition, airbag inflators and fireworks.

Class 1: Explosives

These comprise the substances with a vapor pressure of 300 kPa or greater at 50 degrees Celsius and those that are completely gaseous at standard atomic pressure at 20 degrees Celsius. Items containing these substances are also categorized as class 2 hazardous materials.

Class 2: Gases

These are the flammable liquids having flashpoints of 60 to 65 degrees Celsius or lower. Liquids transported at temperatures at or above their flashpoints are also classified as flammable liquids

Class 3: Flammable Liquids and Combustible Liquids

These are self-reactive substances that can undergo strong exothermic reactions or solid desensitized explosions. They easily ignite under common conditions during the transport process.

Class 4: Flammable Solids; Spontaneously Combustible Materials; Dangerous when Wet Materials

_____________ are substances that yields oxygen upon combustion while organic peroxides are substances that may qualify as hydrogen peroxide once the organic radicals are replaced by one or both of the hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure

Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

Toxic substances comprise those substances that cause serious injury, harm or death to a human if inhaled, swallowed or allowed to come in contact with the skin. Infectious substances are those that contain pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and other microorganisms that can cause disease in humans and animals.

Class 6: Toxic Substances and Infectious Substances

Radioactive materials are those that contain radionuclides that are subject to radioactive decay due to an unstable nucleus .

Class 7: Radioactive Materials

Corrosives substances are those that disintegrate or degrade other materials on contact during chemical action. These materials can damage surrounding materials once they leak during transit, and they can cause severe damage to living tissue

Class 8: Corrosive Materials

These include environmentally hazardous substances, genetically modified organisms and other substances that are conveyed at high temperatures and magnetized materials

Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods

This is a direct application of the solubility product principle. In this process, the soluble substance is converted to an insoluble form either by a chemical reaction or by change in the composition of the solvent and the precipitated solid is removed eother by settling or by filtration.

Chemical Precipitation

Solutions are neutralized by a simple application of the law of mass balance to bring about an acceptable pH. For basic solutions, sulfuric or hydrochloric acid is added to basic solutions, while caustic (NaOH) or slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] is added to acidic solutions.

Neutralization.

This process destroy the cyanide molecule and chlorine is the most frequently used oxidizing agent.

Oxidation

Most heavy metals readily precipitate as hydroxides, hexavalent chromium and is used in plating solutions

Reduction.

Ozone and UV radiations have been used to detoxify industrial organic wastes, containing aromatic and aliphatic polychlorinated compounds, ketones and alcohols.

Ozonation

__________ involves mixing of the waste with additives like cement, lime, fly

Stabilization

is used for the recovery of metals and ionized organic chemicals. In ion exchange, the waste stream containing the ion to be removed is passed through a bed of resin

Ion Exchange

To greatly improve precipitation coagulants are added. The most common coagulant being used is alum. Many poly electrolytes are used as coagulants

Coagulation

n is used for separating solid particles from a liquid with the aid of a porous medium. The driving force in filtration is a pressure gradient, caused by gravity, centrifugal force, vacuum, or pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

Filtration and Separation

is a mass transfer process in which gas vapors or chemicals in solution are held to a solid by intermolecular forces like in hydrogen bonding and van der Waals’ interactions.

Carbon Adsorption.

to the separation of more volatile materials from less volatile materials by a process of vaporization and condensation

Distillation

is used in the treatment of hazardous waste. This is commonly used as a pre-treatment method to decrease quantities of material for final treatment.

Evaporation

involves the separation of an aqueous stream (more concentrated in electrolyte than the original) and a depleted stream. Success of the process depends on special synthetic membranes, usually based on ionexchange resins, which are permeable only to a single type of ion

Electro- dialysis

is most widely used consists of a membrane permeable to solvent but impermeable to most dissolved species, both organic and inorganic.

Reverse Osmosis

is also called liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction. In this process, the contaminants can be removed from a waste stream using liquid-liquid extraction.

Solvent Extraction

is done by encapsulating the waste in concrete, asphalt, or plastic. A solid mass of material that is resistant to leaching is produced during encapsulation. Waste can also be mixed with lime, fly ash, and water to form a solid, cement-like product

Solidification

n can be regarded as a pre-treatment of hazardous waste, prior to final disposal or as a way of valorizing waste by recovering energy. In this process, chemicals are decomposed by oxidation at temperatures of about 800C and greater.

 Incineration

This is defined as the chemical decomposition or change brought about by heating in the absence of oxygen.

Pyrolysis

This term encompasses both as a waste treatment and disposal process. In this process, a waste is mixed with or incorporated into the surface soil and is degraded, transformed or immobilized through proper management

Land Treatment

Hazardous waste chemicals can be transformed into non-toxic products using enzymes harvested from microorganisms grown in mass culture. Crude enzyme extracts derived from microorganisms have been proven to convert pesticides into less toxic and persistent products

Enzymatic systems

the microbiology of hazardous wastes differs from that of composting in the use of inoculums. The reaction is that certain types of hazardous waste molecules can be degraded by only one or a very few microbial species, which may not be widely distributed or abundant in nature.

Composting

The concentration of hazardous materials in wastewaters, leachate and soil are present in low to high concentration. These wastes are characterized by high organic content, low and high pH (2 to 12), elevated salt levels and presence of heavy metals and hazardous organics. However, these can be treated using either aerobic or anaerobic treatment methods.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment

Common Methods of Hazardous Waste Disposal

Landfill Disposal Incineration Dumping at Sea Underground Disposal

This method of storing toxic solid waste into the ground is not the same as the ordinary landfills

Landfill Disposal

is the burning of hazardous waste into an incombustible residue. This process is usually used in areas where there is minimal space for landfills

Incineration

hazardous waste is deposited in the deep sea to minimize its impact on groundwater sources. To minimize danger to marine life, hazardous waste is first treated using different methods before dumping it at sea

Dumping at Sea

is the ideal and economical choice, Radioactive wastes consist of the waste generated from lab experiments, some medical treatments, mining of radioactive ore, and the production of nuclear fuel. Underground hazardous waste disposal is only done in partially active and inactive mines that meet particular technical and geological criteria.

 Underground Disposal

Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Flashcards

(64 cards)