Evolution, Genes, Environment And Behaviour

Question 1

What were Mendel’s experiments about

Answer 1

How traits and tendencies are transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 2

Define a genotype

Answer 2

The specific and complete genetic makeup of the individual

Question 3

Define a phenotype

Answer 3

The individual’s observable characteristics

Question 4

How are phenotypes produced

Answer 4

Through interaction between the genotype and its environment

Question 5

What determines how much the environment can influence an organisms development and behaviour

Answer 5

The genotype

Question 6

Who shares the same genotype

Answer 6

Identical twins

Question 7

Do identical twins share the same phenotype

Answer 7

No

But the differences are limited by the genotype

Question 8

What are chromosomes

Answer 8

Double stranded and tightly coiled molecules of DNA

Question 9

How many chromosomes do almost every cell have

Answer 9

46

Question 10

How many cells do not have 46 chromosomes

Answer 10

1

Question 11

What is the only cell which does not have 46 chromosomes

Answer 11

The sex cell

Question 12

Define genes

Answer 12

The biological units of heredity

Question 13

What are alleles

Answer 13

Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics

Question 14

What are the two types of alleles

Answer 14

Recessive

Dominant

Question 15

What is a monogenic trait

Answer 15

When one gene pair creates a single phenotypic trait

Question 16

What is polygenic transmission

Answer 16

When a number of gene pairs combine influences to create single phenotypic traits

Question 17

What percentage of human genes are identical

Answer 17

99.9%

Question 18

Roughly how many potential genotypes can there be

Answer 18

70 trillion

Question 19

What is the human genome project

Answer 19

A coordinator effort to map the DNA of the human organism

Question 20

The human genome consists of around how many genes

Answer 20

20000

Question 21

When did the human genome project begin

Answer 21

1990

Question 22

Have the genetic structure of all chromosome pairs been mapped

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

What is behavioural genetics

Answer 23

The study of how heredity and environmental factors influence psychological characteristics

Question 24

What are two key concepts of behavioural genetics

Answer 24

The degree of relatedness

Concordance

Question 25

What does behavioural genetics attempt to do

Answer 25

Explain why people are different

Question 26

What is a family study in behavioural genetics

Answer 26

Researchers study relatives to determine genetic similarity on a given trait

Question 27

What are adoption studies in behavioural genetics

Answer 27

Adopted people are compared to both their biological and adopted parents

Question 28

What are twin studies in behavioural genetics

Answer 28

Compare trait similarities in identical and fraternal twins

Question 29

What are monozygotic twins

Answer 29

Identical twins

Question 30

What are dizygotic twins

Answer 30

Fraternal twins

Question 31

What are heritability coefficients

Answer 31

Estimates of the extent to which the variation in a specific phenotypic characteristic within a group of people can be attributed to their differing genes

Question 32

What does behaviourism assume

Answer 32

That there are laws of learning that apply to virtually all organisms

Question 33

What does ethology focus on

Answer 33

The evolutionary differences between species

Question 34

What are inherited behavioural adaptions

Answer 34

Traits organisms are born with that help promote chances of survival and reproductive success

Question 35

What are fixed action patterns

Answer 35

An unlearned behaviour automatically triggered by a particular stimulus

Question 36

What are the two ways that the environment shapes behaviour

Answer 36

Personal adaption | Species adaption

Question 37

What is personal adaption a result of

Answer 37

Our interactions with immediate and past environments

Question 38

What causes special adaption

Answer 38

Influences from the environment through natural selection

Question 39

What are shared environments

Answer 39

Environments in which its members experience many common features

Question 40

What are unshared environments

Answer 40

Experiences that are unique

Question 41

What is a reaction range in genetics

Answer 41

The range of possibilities that a genetic code allows

Question 42

What determines where a person will fall in the reaction range

Answer 42

The environment

Question 43

What is epigenetics

Answer 43

The study of changes in gene expression due to environmental factors and independent of DNA

Question 44

What does the knockout procedure do

Answer 44

Eliminates the particular function of a gene

Question 45

What does the knock in procedure do

Answer 45

Inserts a new gene during the embryonic stage to study its impact on behaviour

Question 46

Define evolution

Answer 46

A change over time in the frequency with which particular genes and the characteristics they produce occur within an interbreeding population

Question 47

Define mutations

Answer 47

Random events and accidents in gene reproduction during division of cells

Question 48

Define natural selection

Answer 48

Characteristics that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction will be more likely to be preserved in the population, therefore becoming more common in the species over time

Question 49

Define adaptions

Answer 49

Physical or behavioural changes that allow organisms to meet recurring environmental challenges to their survival, thereby increasing their reproductive ability

Question 50

What is sexual strategies theory

Answer 50

Mating strategies reflect inherited tendencies, shaped over the ages in response to different types of adaptive problems that me and women faced

Question 51

What does social structure theory state

Answer 51

Men and women display different mating offer envies because society guides them into different social roles