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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Define memory

A

The process that allows us to record, store and later retrieve experiences and information

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2
Q

Define encoding

A

Getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes

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3
Q

Define storage

A

Retaining information over time

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4
Q

Define retrieval

A

Processes that access and use stored information

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5
Q

Who devised the three stage memory model

A

James, Atkinson and Shiffrin

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6
Q

What are the three stages of the three stage memory model

A

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

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7
Q

What does sensory memory do

A

Briefly holds incoming sensory information

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8
Q

What are sensory registers

A

Initial information processors

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9
Q

What is stored in the iconic store

A

Visual information

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10
Q

What is stored in the echoic store

A

Auditory information

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11
Q

What is short term memory

A

A memory store that temporarily holds a limited amount of information

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12
Q

What are memory codes

A

Mental representations of some type of informatIon or stimulus

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13
Q

What are visual memory codes

A

Mental images

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14
Q

What are phonological memory codes

A

Sounds

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15
Q

What are semantic memory codes

A

Meanings

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16
Q

What are motor memory codes

A

Patterns of movement

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17
Q

What is chunking

A

Combining individual items into larger units of meaning

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18
Q

What is working memory

A

A limited capacity system that temporarily stores and processes information

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19
Q

What does the phonological loop do

A

Stores mental representations of sound

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20
Q

What does the visuospatial sketchpad do

A

Stores visual and spatial information

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21
Q

What does the episodic buffer do

A

Integrates and manipulates information from the phonological and visuospatial sketchpad

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22
Q

What does the central executive do

A

Directs overall action, controls the focus of attention and integrates information in the episodic buffer

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23
Q

What is long term memory

A

Our vast library of more durable stored memory

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24
Q

What is the serial position effect

A

The ability to recall an item is influenced by the items position in a series

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25
What is effortful processing
Encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention
26
What is automatic processing
Encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention
27
What does structural encoding require
Remembering how the stimulus looks
28
What is phonological encoding
Remembering how the stimulus sounds
29
What is semantic encoding
Remembering what the stimulus means
30
What is maintenance rehearsal
Simple, rote repetition
31
What is elaborate rehearsal
Focus in on the meaning of information or expanding it in some way
32
What is dual coding theory
Encoding information using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall
33
What is the method of loci
A memory aid that associates information with mental images of physical locations
34
What does the peg word technique involve
The association of items to be remembered with a set of mental pegs
35
What is a mnemonist
A person who displays extraordinary memory skills
36
What is the associative network
A massive network of associated ideas and concepts
37
What is priming
The activation of one concept by another
38
What are neural networks
Computer models whose programming incorporates principles taken from the operation of the nervous system
39
What is a node
A small information processing unit
40
What are parallel distributed processing nodes
Nodes that are distributed throughout the network fire in parallel and spread their activation to other nodes
41
What does declarative memory involve
Factual knowledge
42
What does episodic memory contain
Knowledge concerning personal experiences
43
What does semantic memory contain
General factual knowledge about the world and languages
44
What is explicit memory
Conscious or internal memory retrieval, as when you consciously recognise or recall something
45
What is recognition
Deciding whether a stimulus is familiar
46
What is recall
Spontaneous memory retrieval
47
What is implicit memory
Memory that influences our behaviour without conscious awareness
48
What is a retrieval clue
A stimulus, whether internal or external, that activates information stored in long term memory
49
What are autobiographical memories
Recollections of personally experienced events that make up the stories of our lives
50
What are flashbulb memories
Recollections that seem so vivid and clear that we can picture them as if they were snapshots of moments in time
51
What is the encoding specificity principle
Memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during
52
What does context dependent memory mean
It is typically easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally encoded
53
What does state dependent memory mean
It is typically easier to remember something when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning
54
What does mode congruent recall mean
We tend to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood
55
What is encoding failure
Much of what we sense simply is not processed deeply enough to be committed to memory
56
What is decay theory
Proposed that with time and disuse the long term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away
57
What is interference theory
We forget information because other items in long term memory impair our ability to retrieve it
58
What is proactive interference
Material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material
59
What is retroactive interference
Recently learned material interferes with the recall of material learned in the past
60
What is the tip of the tongue state
We cannot recall something but feel that we are on the verge of remembering it
61
What does motivated forgetting mean
People are consciously or unconsciously motivated to forget
62
What is repression
A motivational process that protects us by blocking the conscious recall of anxiety arousing memories
63
What is retrospective memory
Memory of past events
64
What is prospective memory
Remembering to perform an activity in the future
65
What is amnesia
Memory loss due to special conditions, such as brain injury, illness or psychological trauma
66
What is retrograde amnesia
Memory loss for events that took place sometime in life before the onset of amnesia
67
What is anterograde amnesia
Memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia
68
What is dementia
Impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning
69
What is Alzheimer's disease
A progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia among adults over the age of 65
70
What are symptoms of dementia
Forgetfulness Poor judgement Confusion Disorientation
71
What are plaques
Clumps of protein fragments that build up on the outside of neurons
72
What are tangles
Fibres tag get twisted and wound together within neurons
73
What is infantile amnesia
The inability to remember personal experiences form the first few years of our lives
74
What is the misinformation effect
The distortion of a memory by misleading post event information
75
What is source confusion
Our tendency to recall something or recognise it as familiar but to forget where we encountered it
76
Where are sensory memories processed
The cerebral cortex
77
Where are working memories processed
Different lobes of the brain
78
Where are long term memories stored
The hippocampus and surrounding areas
79
What is memory consolidation
A hypothetical and gradual binding process
80
What is the Amygdala responsible for
The encoding of emotional aspects of memory
81
What does the cerebellum do
Plays an important role in procedural memory

Psychology (7 decks)

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