Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

O & E > Evolution Of Body Plans (animal behaviour mainly) > Flashcards

Evolution Of Body Plans (animal behaviour mainly) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Synapomorphy?

A
  • a shared derived trait (often structural).
  • basis for phylogenetics
    »> but Synapomorphy can be a result of convergent evolution so does not necessarily reflect evolutionary relationship.
    > synapomorphies can be lost during evolutions. Also superficially similar traits can arise independently.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some traits that support monophyly of animals

A

Multi-cellular, developing from single-called zygote, heterotrophic, contractile musscles, gene sequences e.g RNA, Hox gene function, similar cell junctions, extracellular matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the question ‘are animals monophyletic mean’?

A
  • do they have common ancestors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are animal (metazoan) traits?

A
  • Multicellullar
  • Development from single-called zygote to multicellular adult
  • Heterotrophic, food normally ingested
  • most animals move using specialised contractile muscle tissue.
  • gene sequences e.g. Ribosome all RNA
  • Similarites in Hox gene function
  • UNique cell junctions
  • Common extra cellar matrix.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are opisthkonts?

A

Organisms in whcih the flagellum, if present is posterior, as in animal sperm - includes fungi, choanoflagellates and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In Chanoflagellates what surrounds the flagellum?

A
  • collar of actin-filled micro villi surrounding a flagellum- extremely similar in fine structure to some of the simplest animals like sponges.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Expalin the thoughts behind multicellular Chanoflagellates and the rise of metazoa

A

An ancestral form, closely related to Chanoflagellates became colonial, with some cell types becoming specialised for different purposes- movement, reporduction etc.
- co-ordination between cells by regualtory molecules that coordinated differntiation and migration of cells in the developing embryo. I.e. Progression to larger metazoan animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some key features of Placoza?

A
  • Basal group of the simplest animals - 1mm diameter
  • Marine, just a few species described. Multicellular but no regular outline
  • flattened and single called like amoeba
  • body consists of a simple epithelium enclosing a loose sherbet of stella the cells resembling mesenchyme of some more advanced animals.
  • Epithelial cells bear flagella and use it to help creep along the sea floor.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the key features of Profera? (Sponges)

A
  • have some specialised cells but lack cell layers and true organs. Some have exoskeleton made of silicon or calcium carbonate.
  • lack clear symmetry
  • mostly filter feeders using choanocytes cells to capture food particles and create currents.
  • sessile almost exclusively marine
  • Almost all sponges are marine. All are sessile and usually grown on hard structures. Usually no clear symmetry in growth form.
  • Reproduce- normally hermaphroditic but do not self fertilise.
  • spree carried on water currents
  • During early embryology, radial cleavage- zygote divides in an even pattern- ancestral condition.
  • Diplobastic: 2 cells layers echo and endoderm separated by gelatinous acellular mesoglea form during early embryonic development then differntiation to organs.
  • radial symmetry of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Diplobastic mean?

A
  • 2 cell layers

Ectoderm and endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In what at the blastula stage does the embryonic blasts pore brcome the mouth?

A
  • protostomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What at the blastula stage does the blastopore form the anus and the mouth arise from a second pore?

A
  • Deuterostomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is spiral cleavage?

A
  • cell division takes place asymmetrically; left and righ are cleaved differently
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is radial cleavage?

A

First division takes place at right angles to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean I’d an organism is acolomate?

A
  • ## Lacking a coelom; the space between gut and muscular body wall filled by mesenchyme cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does it mean if an organism ispseudocoelomate?

A
  • lacking a true coelom, but has a pseudo oil only enclosed by muscles on the outside. The fluid can protectors as and act as hydrostatic skeleton.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does it mean if an organism is coelomate?

A
  • it posses a trye coelom, a body cavity that develops in the mesoderm- lined with a muscular layer, surrounding the internal orgnans, plus outside muscle layer. The fluid can protect organs and act as a hydrostatic skeleton.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is animal behaviour?

A

An animals behaviour is what it does and how it does it, usually in response to stimuli in its environment.

  • it is diverse
  • can be as characteristic of a species as anatomy and physiology is
  • but also there is individual variation learning and even culture.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the purposes of studying animal behaviour?

A
  • welfare
  • conservation
  • helps us to understand human behaviour
  • critical role in evolution and biological adaptations .
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is behaviour the product of?

A
  • the product of natural selection on phenotypes & indirectly on the genotypes that code for them.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hence summarise what is an animals repertoire of behaviour?

A
  • set of adaptations that equip it for survival in a particular environment.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Tinbergen’s 4 whys?

A
  1. Causation- proximate factors initiating the behaviour
  2. Development- the relative roles of genetics & learning in expression of the behaviour
  3. Evolution - how the behaviour evolved from ancestral phenotypes
  4. Function - how does the behaviour contribute to the survival of the organism, what are the ‘ultimate’ factors involved.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is comparative psychology?

A
  • studies of proximate causation
    >mechanisms underlying a behaviour: genetic, developmental, nervous, homronal
    > internal or environmental stimuli
    > development of behaviour: learning, cognition & intelligence
    > often lab based
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is ethology & behavioural ecology?

A
  • Studies of ultimate causation
    > the evolution of behaviour in relation to ecology
    > Combines ideas from animal behaviour, ecology and evolution
    > selection pressures imposed by the animals environment
    > what is the selective advantage of a behaviour under particular ecological conditions?
    > field and lab studies
    > cost-benefit analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an animals behaviour repertpoire?

A
  • a set of adaptions that equip it for survival in a particular environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the adaptive value?

A
  • depends on relative costs and benefits of the behaviour to the individuals environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how can inherited behaviour be modified?

A
  • by experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do organisms need to communicate?

A
  • interactions with hetero-specifics & conspcifics
  • need to get together to mate
    Social interaction
  • require some form of directed signal: often specialised behaviours, chemicals, markings or morphological attributes that appear specifically designed for the purpose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is the sender?

A
  • the individual that transmits signals (actor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Who is the receiver?

A
  • Individual whose probability of behaving in a particular way is altered by the signal (reactor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a display?

A

A signal involving behaviour patterns adapted to function as a social signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a channel?

A

Medium through which signal is transmitted (visual or vocal channels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the context?

A

Setting through which the signal is transmitted & received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is ‘noise’?

A
  • background activity in the channel which is irrelevant to the signal being transmitted.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is ‘true’ communication?

A
  • where the value of information for receiver and sender is positive.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is manipulation?

A
  • when the value of the information for the receiver is zero or negative but for the sender is positive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is eavesdropping/ exploitation?

A
  • when the value of the information for the receiver is positive but sender is zero or negative.
38
Q

What is ignoring or spite?

A
  • where the value of information is zero or negative for the sender and receiver and
39
Q

What is a discrete signal?

A
  • Digital (all or none, on or off)
40
Q

What is a graded signal?

A
  • analog (intensity varies in proportion to stimulus strength)
41
Q

What is a afferential signal?

A

Communicate information about the sender itself

42
Q

What is a referential signal?

A
  • communicate information about an entity that is external to the communicating individual
43
Q

What are the 4 ways to increase signal info content?

A
  • Composite signal
  • Syntax
  • Context
  • Metacommunication
44
Q

What is the message?

A

What the signal encodes about the sender

45
Q

What is the meaning

A

What the receiver construes from the signal, meaning can vary greatly between receipients

46
Q

How can the risks of eavesdropping be reduced?

A
  • signals difficult for eavesdroppers to detect or orate
  • signals selectively unavailable to predators e.g colour and grain size.
  • direct signals to specific individuals
47
Q

What are audience effects?

A
  • presence or absence of particular onlookers can make behaviours more or less likely according to who the onlookers are.
48
Q

What can the evolution of signals depend upon?

A
  • ‘machinery’ available to the individual
  • evolutionary history of the animals involved
  • the environment through which signalling is to occur
  • the interests of signaller and receiver (don’t always coincide)
49
Q

Evolution of signals can be influenced by receiver-bias (‘machinery’). How?

A
  • whcih behaviours act as cues & becomes signals may depend upon sensory biases of the receiver.
  • if perceptual organs of the receiver have undergone selection for other functions
    > e.g. Insect feeds preferentially on yellow flowers
  • yellow will be used in mating displays
50
Q

What makes a ‘good’ useful signal?

A
  • how well suited a signal is to being detected in the receivers environment
51
Q

What are sensory channels of communication?

A

The physical form used to transmit signlal(s) from sender to receiver

52
Q

What does the channel selected depend on?

A
  • on the species life history

- inter-specific variation

53
Q

What is the potential issue with sound degradation?

A
  • degraded signals may be confused with other signals or sounds or simply ignored (message vs meaning).
    > worse for high-frequency sounds
    > echoes can interfere with rapidly repeated signal elements e.g. Trills in some birds songs.
54
Q

What strategies reduce degradation?

A
  • In forests - low frequency and avoid trills unless notes widely spaced.
  • in open terrain- trills favoured- repeated elements can be detected during brief periods of good transmission.
55
Q

What makes a ‘good’ useful signal?

A

The following are key requirements for signal reception:

  • Detectability
  • Discriminability
  • Memorability
  • Specific & unambiguous
56
Q

What is ritualisation?

A
  • evolutionary process in which signals become stereotyped.

- reduces ambiguity of signals

57
Q

What is antithesis?

A
  • signals conveying opposite messages often have opposite forms
58
Q

What is the basic evolutionary process of displays?

A
  1. Sender sends behavioural/physiological/morphological cue.
  2. Receiver perceives cue
  3. Receiver relates cue to motivation/ condition of sender
  4. Receiver decision rule (own benefit)
  5. Receiver responds
  6. Sender - if response is beneficial refines the cue and performs display. Aka start of cycle again.
59
Q

What behaviours did displays evolve from?

A
  • Intention movements
    E.g. Teeth baring as threat.
  • displacement activities
    Occur in conflict situations when animal is undecided as to appropriate response to a stimulus
    E.g. Many animals use urine to mark territory
  • Behaviour linked to physiolociacl change
    E.g. Threat display of many fish involves exaggerated Gill raising; evolved from a morphological/physiological cue:
    Fight leads to metabolic rate of O2 intake and therefore more rapid and wider Gill opening.
  • Thermoregulatory behaviours
    E.g. Hair errection
  • Food exchange- comparisons of closely related species.
    Courtship in pheasants and relatives:
    Food calling = original or primitive behaviour
    Evolves so that although food is no longer there, female is attracted to a location on ground by display of male.
  • Elaboration of functional behaviours
    E.g. Preening during courtship- mandarin ducks
60
Q

What are some typical inter-specific signals?

A
  • ‘flash’ behaviour
  • warning colours
  • distracting patterns
  • attention-grabbing actions
    > playing dead
    > alarm signals
  • co-evolution of flowers with their insect pollinators
61
Q

What are the 4 types of spacing signals in primates?

A
  1. Distance increasing signals (usually between groups)
  2. Distance-maintaining signals - home range spacing
  3. Distance-reducing signals- keep group members in touch
  4. Proximity- maintaining signals e.g. During social grooming within groups
62
Q

Whats the point of species recognition?

A
  • avoids infertile makings between members of closely related species.
63
Q

what species show
Deme recognition?
Class recognition?
Neighbour recognition?
Kin recognition (differential responses to close relatives)
Individual recognition (maintain social associations)

A
  • White-crowned sparrows
  • social insects
  • European robin
64
Q

What is the purpose of an Intrapleural-specific alarm?

A

Alerts group members to danger e.g. Vervet monkeys

I.e. Semantic: different signals for different dangers = referential communication

65
Q

How can communication aid in finding food?

A
  • an advantage of group living = increased foraging efficiency
  • signals to aid in exploration/ acquisition of food
    BUT could lead to selfish motivation
  • Information centres: information gained by observing successful foragers feedin their offspring (eavesdropping).
66
Q

What typical behaviours constitute giving and soliciting care?

A
  • Begging & offering of food between parent and offspring or among other relatives
  • Distress calls by young
  • soliciting play
67
Q

What is aggression?

A
  • any activity directed towards the discomfiture of another individual
    > this attempts to exclude play-fighting
68
Q

What is agonistic behaviour?

A
  • behaviour patterns used during conflict with a con specific
  • excludes play-fighting & predatory behaviour
69
Q

What are 4 potential causes of conflict?

A
  • limited resources
  • Heterogeneous environment
  • Patchy resources
  • Aggregations of individuals
70
Q

How can conflicts be resolved use example of blue tit

A
  • only 1% of agonistic contests involve physical fights
  • 2 birds of same sex&raquo_space; ritualised visual displays
  • the displays provide information I.e. The participants decide whether to quit or continue and fight
71
Q

Why are physical fights rare?

A

Potential high cost (energy expenditure & risk of injury)
Selection favours evolution of conflict resolution mechanisms that avoid it.
Most conflict is resolved by displays
- need to be unambiguous- often highly stereotyped and ritualised

72
Q

How can conflicts be avoided?

A
  • maintaining social space- territories
  • Appeasment & submission: dominance relationships
  • Pre-fight displays
    > fights = last resort
73
Q

When is a fight most likely?

A

When contestants are evenly matched

74
Q

What is persistence and perception?

A
  • Even if evenly matched, one contestant may be prepared to persist for longer or escalate further because it has more to gain from winning.
    > motivation e.g. Hunger, thirst
    > perceived resource value e.g. Resident vs intruder
    May lead to evolution signals of ownership
    E.g. Territorial disputes in male speckled wood butterflies
    Rule = owner wins.
75
Q

How does eves dropping effect conflict?

A
  • observing encounters between other combatants may affect the observers behaviour in subsequent encounters e.g. Siamese fighting fish
  • females may also prefer males that they have seen ‘winning’.
76
Q

What audience effects can affect conflict?

A
  • May be more aggressive if a potential mate is watching
77
Q

What did Rohwer and Rohwer’s experiment show?

A

Dominant male sparrows have a bigger black bib.
3 conditions painted birds black, gave them testosterone, painted them black and gave them testosterone.

> the 3rd condition was the only one that increased the observed status of the birds.
-this suggests that a signal must be supported by an appropriate behaviour.

78
Q

What were the 2 ways in which Darwin suggested that sexually reproducing species can improve their chances of reproducing?

A
  1. Compete successfully to survive & aquire resources allowing reporduction. > adaptions that aid Durval
  2. By competing successfully for mating opportunities.
    > characters that:
    A) aid competition within one sex (usually males) for access to the other (intra-sexual selections)
    B) enhance attractiveness of individuals within one sex (again usually males) to members to the other (inter-sexual or epigamic selection)
79
Q

In what way do females invest more in offspring?

A
  • costly large gametes
  • internal development of young
  • raising the young following birth of hatching
  • finite egg production- limited number of mating oppertunities
    > females prefer ‘good quality’ males
80
Q

In what way to males typically invest less in individual offspring?

A
  • Sperm ‘cheap &unlimited’- unlimited mating oppertunity
  • plus uncertainty of paternity
    > males generally less choosy
  • maximise success by mating with as many females as possible:
    Compete for mates or resources of use to females (conflict displays) = male-male competition (intra-sexual completion).
    or compete to attract females (courtship displays) inter-sexual competition
81
Q

What are the functions of courtship?

A
  • species, deme, class, individual recognition
  • mate attraction
  • mate choice: assessment of potential mates condition/quality
  • coordinate reproductive behaviours & physiology between sexes (synchronisation)
  • Maintian long term bonds & coordinate provisioning for offspring.
82
Q

What do the displays of mate attraction signify? (Bird song)

A 
- generally females prefer males with more complex songs &stamina for lengthy singing bouts 
> tend to be:
 healthier males 
 possess better territories 
 enhanced parenting potential 
 'good' genes 
- Honest signals of male quality 
- Courtship often involve combinations of components, often simultaneously exploiting diffenrtiation channels e.g. Male sage grouse
83
Q

Describe the complex communication associated with con Frisch’s honeybees dance language hypothesis

A
  • direction of food relative to sun = direction of the straight run relative to gravity
  • duration of straight run increases with distance at the rate of about one complete waggle per 30m
84
Q

What is the human language based upon?

A
  • Unbounded signal is set but based on 20-60 phonemes (distinct kinds of sounds).
85
Q

What are the 3 components of a true language?

A
  1. Use of symbols for abstract ideas
  2. understanding of syntax
  3. Displaced functional reference in humans
86
Q

Do apes have communicate with language?

A
  • lack motor ability to pronounce human sounds
  • but can deal with other aspects of learning a complex language

> conclusion, non humans animals may learn to combine words/symbols to achieve goals but not proof they can do more than just associate a word/symbol with an object

87
Q

Do chimps use symbolic representation in the same way that humans do? (Displaced functional reference)?

  • Sherman & Austin (Savage-Rumbaugh 1986)
A

Sherman given container of food, but needs wrench to open it
Sherman punches new appropriate symbol on keyboard
- Austin then ‘knew’ wrench was needed, rather than some other tool & would hand it to Sherman.
- Sherman opens container and shares food.

> is this symbolic communication between 2 no humans?

88
Q

What is the argument against?

A
  • Epstein et al ‘ Jack and Jill’
    > show that oigeons can learn behaviours that look like symbolic ommunication, but though a process of association rather than understanding the meaning of the symbols.
89
Q

Parrots mimicking or comprehension?

A
  • learned via spoken English to identify over 80 objects
  • can quantify collection of up to 6 objects
  • can identify shape and colour
  • understands concepts such as same and different
  • is this not using words to represent abstract concepts?
90
Q

What is a body plan?

A

The basic structural design of a particular animal group.

  • some animals have no symmetry e.g. Sponges
  • most have at least one
  • some are radially symmetric (where any plane along the main body axis divides the animal into similar halves).

O & E (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions